
Etas TAXog-7 
Bnnfr TB <'■ 



G0£PgM°_ 






COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 



BENNETTS LATIN SERIES. 

LATIN GRAMMAR. 12mo, cloth, 282 pages. 
LATIN LESSONS. 16mo, cloth, 191 pages. 
FOUNDATIONS OF LATIN. 12mo, cloth, 250 pages. 
PREPARATORY LATIN WRITER (based on Caesar). 16mo, 

cloth, 202 pages. 
LATIN COMPOSITION (based on Cicero). 16mo, cloth, 172 

pages. 
QUANTITATIVE READING OF LATIN POETRY. 12mo, 

paper, 49 pages. 
CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR, Books I.-IV. 12mo, cloth, 354 

pages. 
CICERO'S SELECTED ORATIONS. 12mo, cloth, 374 pages. 
VIRGIL'S AENEID, Books I.-VI. 12mo, cloth, 491 pages. 



Bennett's Latin Series 



Preparatory Latin Writer 



BY . 
CHARLES E.^BENNETT 

PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN CORNELL UNIVERSITY 



oKKo 



Boston 

Allyn and Bacon 

1905 



-\ 



^ v*\ 






LIBRARY of OONGRESS 
Two Copies «eceivBtl 

FEB .18 1905 

Oopyngnt tniry 

GUiSS O^ AXc. Noi 

/0?7tf6 
COPY 8, 




COPYRIGHT, 1905, BY 
CHARLES E. BENNETT. 



Narixrooti -press 

J. 8. Ciishing- & Co. — Berwick & Smith Co. 

Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. 



PREFACE. 

Like my Latin Composition for Secondary Schools, 
the present book has been prepared in the conviction 
that the primary function of Latin Composition in sec- 
ondary schools is to extend and strengthen the pupil's 
knowledge of Latin grammar, and that this function 
is best fulfilled by means of a systematic presentation 
of the syntactical principles of the language. The 
following Lessons, accordingly, are devoted mainly to 
exercises in applying the principles of the various case 
and mood constructions recognized in our Latin gram- 
mars. But in order that the writing of continuous 
discourse may not be neglected, passages of simple 
English narrative, involving the principles covered in 
the previous exercises, are frequently introduced. 

The illustrative examples given at the beginning of 
each lesson have been drawn with great care from 
Latin literature. The English sentences and passages 
of continuous discourse set for translation into Latin 
are based on the vocabulary of Caesar. 

CHARLES E. BENNETT. 

Ithaca, January, 1905. 



in 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

Lesson Page 
I. Subject Nominative. Predicate Nouns. Apposi- 

tives. The Vocative 1 

II. Agreement of Adjectives and Verbs ... 4 

III. Kelative Pronouns. Possessive Pronouns . . 7 

IV. Questions and Answers 10 

V. The Accusative. Accusative of Direct Object . 13 

VI. The Accusative {continued). Two Accusatives 

with the Same Verb 16 

VII. The Accusative {continued). Accusative of Time 

and Space ; Limit of Motion, etc. ... 19 
VIII. The Dative. Dative of Indirect Object ... 22 
IX. The Dative (continued). Dative of Reference ; of 

Agency 26 

X. The Dative (continued). Dative of Possession ; of 

Purpose ; with Adjectives 29 

XL The Genitive. Genitive of Possession ; Subjective ; 

Objective 32 

XII. The Genitive (continued). Genitive of the Whole 

(' Partitive Genitive ') ; of Quality ; Appositional 35 

XIII. The Genitive (continued). Genitive with Adjec- 

tives ; with memini, reminlscor, obliviscor . 39 

XIV. The Genitive (contin ued). Genitive with admoneo, 

commoneo, commonefacio ; with Verbs of Judi- 
cial Action ; with Impersonals ; with misereor, 
miseresco ; with interest and refert ; with other 

Verbs 42 

XV. The Ablative. Ablative of Separation ; of Source ; 

of Agent 45 

XVI. The Ablative (continued). Ablative of Com- 
parison ; of Means ; with the Deponents utor, 
fruor, etc. ; with opus est ; with nitor, innixus, 

fretus 48 

v 



VI 



Table of Contents. 



Lesson Page 

XVII. The Ablative (continued). Ablative with mis- 
cere, jungere, etc. ; in Special Phrases ; with 
Verbs of Filling ; of Way by Which ; of 

Cause ; of Manner 51 

XVIII. The Ablative (continued). Ablative of Attend- 
ant Circumstance ; of Accompaniment ; of . 
Degree of Difference ; of Quality ... .55 
XIX. The Ablative (continued). Ablative of Price ; . 

of Specification ; Ablative Absolute . . 58 
XX. The Ablative (continued). Ablative of Place 

Where ; the Locative ; of Place from Which 61 
XXI. The Ablative (continued). Ablative of Time . 64 
XXII. Syntax of Adjectives. Adjectives used Sub- 
stantively ; with the Force of Adverbs ; the 
Comparative and Superlative ; Adjectives 
Denoting a Part ; primus = first who ; ulti- 
mus = last who . . . . . .67 

XXIII. Pronouns. Personal ; Reflexive ; Reciprocal ; 

Demonstrative .71 

XXIV. Pronouns (continued). Demonstrative ; Indefi- 

nite . . .74 

XXV. Pronouns (continued). Indefinite ; Pronominal 

Adjectives 78 

XXVI. Tenses of the Indicative . . . . .81 
XXVII. Hortatory, Jussive, Prohibitive, Deliberative, 

and Concessive Subjunctive .... 84 
XXVIII. The Optative and Potential Subjunctive ; the 

Imperative . 87 

XXIX. Purpose Clauses. Clauses with ut, ne, quo ; 
Relative Purpose ; Relative Clauses with 
dignus, indlgnus, idoneus ; Sequence of 

Tenses . . . 90 

XXX. Clauses of Characteristic. Clauses of Re- 
sult 93 

XXXI. Causal Clauses. Temporal Clauses Intro- 
duced by postquam, ut, ubi, cum primum, 
simul ac 97 



Table of Contents. 



VII 



Lesson Page 

XXXII. Temporal Clauses Introduced by cum; by 
antequam and priusquam ; by dum, donee, 
and quoad ....... 100 

XXXIII. Substantive Clauses. Substantive Clauses 
Developed from the Jussive ; from the 
Deliberative ; after Verbs of Hindering and 
Preventing ....... 103 

XXXIY. Substantive Clauses (continued). Substantive 
Clauses Developed from the Optative ; of 
Result ; Introduced by quod . . . 107 

XXXV. Indirect Questions Ill 

XXXVI. Conditional Sentences . . . . .111 

XXXVII. Use of nisi, si non, sin ; Conditional Clauses 

of Comparison . . . . . .117 

XXXVIII. Subordinate Adversative Clauses Introduced 

by quamvis, quamquam, etc.; Provisos . 120 
XXXIX. Indirect Discourse. Use of Moods and Tenses 
in Declaratory, Interrogative, and Impera- 
tive Sentences ...... 123 

XL. Indirect Discourse (continued). Conditional 

Sentences in Indirect Discourse . . . 127 
XLI. The Infinitive. Infinitive without Subject 

Accusative used as Subject ; as Object . 130 
XLII. The Infinitive (continued). Infinitive with 
Subject Accusative, used as Subject ; as 
Object ; Passive Verbs Construed with the 

Infinitive 133 

XLIII. Participles. Tenses of the Participle ; Use of 

Participles 137 

XLIV. The Gerund ; the Gerundive Construction ; 

the Supine 140 

Supplementary Exercises in Continued Discourse . .144 
Samples of College Entrance Papers in Latin Composition 165 
General Vocabulary 169 



LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. 

Grammatical references not preceded by any initial are to the author's Latin 
Grammar. 



A. & G. . 


. Allen & Greenough's New Latin Grammar 


abl. 


. ablative. 


ace. 


. accusative. 


adv. 


. adverb. 


c. . 


. common (gender). 


cf. . 


. compare. 


conj. 


. conjunction. 


dat. 


. dative. 


dep. 


. deponent. 


e.g. 


. for example. 


f. . 


. feminine. 


gen. 


. genitive. 


H. . 


. Harkness's Complete Latin Grammar. 


i.e. . 


. that is. 


indecl. . 


. indeclinable. 


intrans. or hit 


i\ . intransitive. 


lit. . 


. literally. 


m. . 


. masculine. 


n. . 


. neuter. 


obj. 


. object. 


P i. . : 


. plural. 


pred. 


. predicate. 


prep. 


. preposition. 


semi-dep. 


. semi-deponent. 


subj. 


. subject. 


trans, or tr. 


. transitive. 



vm 



LESSON I. 

SUBJECT NOMINATIVE. PEEDICATE NOUNS. APPOSITIVES. 
THE VOCATIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Subject Nominative. 166, 166. 2; A. & G. 339; H. 
387 and 1. 

2. Predicate Nouns. 167, 168. 1, 2 ; A. & G. 283, 284; 
H. 393. 1, 8. 

3. Appositives. 169. 1, 2, 3, 5; A. & G. 282 and c; H. 
393 and 1, 4. 

4. The Vocative. 171; A. & G. 340; H. 402. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. praeteritum tempus numquam revertitur, 1 past time 
never returns. 

2. horae et dies et menses et anni cedunt, hours and days 
and months and years pass away. 

3. agri cultiira a Cicerone copiose laudatur, farming is 
generously praised by Cicero. 

4. vidi etiam senem Livium, / saio also Livius when he 
was an old man. 

5. ego 2 verd periculis delector, / in fact take pleasure in 
dangers. 

6. haec quidem sunt studia doctrinae, these now are the 
ptirsuits of culture. 

7. philosophia est vitae magistra, 3 philosophy is the guide 
of life. 

1 



2 Latin Composition. 

8, Komulus habitus est 1 deus, Romulus was regarded as a 
god. 

9. Croesus non semper mansit 1 rex, Croesus did not always 
remain king. 

10. naturam, optimam ducem, sequimur, we follow nature, 
the best guide. 

11. Metellus et Liicullus, homines consulares, Metellus and 
Lucullus, men of consular rank. 

12. assentatio adjutrix vitiorum, flattery, promoter of evils. 

13. duo reges, ille 4 bello, hie 4 pace, civitatem auxerunt, 
two kings, one by war, the other by peace, advanced the state. 

14. desilite, commilitones, b jump, comrades! 

Notes on the Examples. 

1) The verb in the Latin sentence regularly stands last (348; 
A. & G. 596 and a; H. 664), but it often precedes a predicate noun 
or adjective. 

2) The subject is here emphatic ; hence the pronoun is expressed. 

3) The predicate noun here agrees in gender as well as in case 
with its subject. 

4) Ille and hie are in partitive apposition with the subject, 
reges. 

5) The Vocative regularly follows one or more words of the 
sentence. 

VOCABULARY, 



brother, frater, tris, m. 
capture, capio, ere, cepi, 

captus.* 
conspiracy,conjuratio, onis, f. 



daughter, filia, ae, f. 
enemy (in a military or politi- 
cal sense), hostis, is, c. 
father, pater, tris, m. 



* In giving the principal parts of verbs, the perfect passive par- 
ticiple is given instead of the supine; if the verb is transitive, the 
participle is given in the masculine form, otherwise in the neuter. 
Where the perfect passive participle is not in use, the future active 
participle is given, if it occurs. 



Subject Nominative, 



fleet, classis, is, f. 
footsoldier. pedes, itis, m. 
friend, amicus, I, m. 
get ready, comparo, 1.* 
horseman, eques, itis, m. 
king, rex, regis, m. 
leader, dux, ducis, c. 
peace, pax, pacis, f. 



remain, maneo, ere, mansi, 

mansurus. 
rout, fugo, 1. 

see, video, ere, vidi, visus. 
son, filius. 1, m. 
sue for, pet 6, ere, ivi or ii, 

Itus. 
tribe, gens, gentis, f. 



EXERCISE. 

1. You were the leaders 1 of this conspiracy. 

2. The Helvetii were routed and sued for peace. 

3. The son of Ariovistus, king of the Germans, was 
captured. 4. Octodurus. the winter quarters of 
Galba, was a village of the Veragri. 5. This man 
was regarded (as) 2 an enemy by the Gauls. 3 6. Lis- 
cus had become a magistrate of the Haeduans. 
7. The camp of the Romans was there. 8. The 
Veneti, a most warlike tribe, got ready a large fleet. 
9. We saw Divitiacus, the brother of Dunmorix, the 
Haeduan. 10. Footsoldiers and horsemen quickly 
assembled. 11. Catamantaloedes, the father of Cas- 
ticus, had always remained a friend of the Roman 
people. 12. The son and daughter of Orgetorix fled. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. Words not given in the special vocabularies may be found in 
the general vocabulary at the end of the book, p. 169 f . 

2. Words in parenthesis are not to be translated. 

3. by the Gauls : use a with the ablative. 



* Regular verbs of the first conjugation are indicated by the 
numeral 1. 



LESSON II. 

AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES AND VERBS. 
GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Attributive and Predicate Adjectives. 233. 2; A. & G. 
285. 1 and 2. 

2. Agreement of Adjectives.* 234 and 235 entire ; A. & G. 
286 and a, b, 287. 1-4 ; H. 394, 395. 1, 2 and ¥. 

3. Agreement of Verbs. 254 and 255 entire ; A. & G. 316 
and b ; 317. a-d ; H. 388, 389. 1, 2 ; 390, 391, 392. 1-4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. pater bonus x et mater, an excellent father and mother. 

2. eadem 2 alacritas et studium, the same eagerness and 
zeal. 

3. pax et concordia sunt pulchrae, peace and concord are 
glorious. 

4. res operae multae 1 ac laboris, a matter of much effort 
and labor. 

5. pater et filius capti sunt, the father and son were 
captured. 

6. stultitia et timiditas fugienda sunt, folly and cowardice 
should be shunned. 

7. pater et mater mortui sunt, the father and mother died. 

* Note that the principles for the agreement of adjectives cover 
also the use of participles in the compound tenses of the passive, as, 
well as in the periphrastic conjugations. 

4 



Agreement of Adjectives and Verbs. 5 

8. honores et victoriae fortuita sunt, honors and victories 
are accidental. 

9. domus, uxor, liberi invent! sunt, home, wife, and chil- 
dren have been gained. 

10. popull provinciaeque liberatae sunt, nations and prov- 
inces were freed. 

11. pars bestiis object! sunt, part were thrown to beasts. 

12. paupertas mihi onus visum est, poverty seemed to me a 
burden. 

13. Samnitium tria milia occisi sunt, three thousand 8am- 
nites were slain. 

14. neque pater neque filius mortuus est, neither father 
nor son died. 

15. caedes ac tumultus erat, there ivas bloodshed and tumult. 

16. tu et ille venistis, you and he came. 

Notes on the Examples. 

1) For the position of the attributive adjective with reference 
to its noun, see 350. 4 and a ; A. & G. 598. a, b; H. 671. 

2) For the position of demonstrative pronouns, see 350. 5. a; 
A. & G. 598. b ; H. 675. 

VOCABULARY. 



auxiliaries, auxilia, orum, n. 
cavalry, equitatus, us, m. 
cut to pieces, occido, ere, 

cidi, cisus. 
either ... or, aut . . . aut. 
legion, legio, onis, f. 
mother, mater, matris, f. 
multitude, multitudo, inis, f. 
praise, laudo, 1. 
return, rede 6, ire, ii, itum. 
safe, salvus, a, urn. 



save, servo, 1. 
senate, senatus, us, m. 
soon, mox, adv. 
steadfastness, constantia, ae, f . 
tear down, diruo, ere, uT, utus. 
toil, labor, oris, m. 
town, oppidum, i, n. 
unharmed, incolumis, e. 
unlike, dissimilis, e. 
wife, uxor, oris, f. 



6 Latin Composition. 

EXERCISE. 

1. The bravery and steadfastness of the soldiers 
deserve to be praised. 1 2. The senate and chief- 
tains of this tribe formed a conspiracy. 3. Auxilia- 
ries and cavalry had been got ready. 4. Either 
you or your brother will return. 5. The Roman sen- 
ate and people 2 praised this general. 6. The mother 
and wife of Orgetorix were captured. 7. The gate 
and wall of this town were torn down. 8. Part of 
the Germans were saved, but ten thousand were cut 
to pieces. 9. The son and daughter of Liscus will 
remain unharmed. 10. The cavalry quickly returned 
into the town. 11. Many men and women will soon 
be present. 12. A great multitude of footsoldiers 
assembled. 13. The general, the legions, and the 
camp 3 are safe. 14. Toil and pleasure are unlike. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. deserve to be praised: use the passive periphrastic con- 
jugation. 

2. Senatus populusque Romanus: this phrase regularly 
takes a singular verb. 

3. For the use of conjunctions in enumerations, see 341. 4. a-c; 
A. & G. 323. c. 1, 3; H. 657. 6 and N. 



LESSON III. 

RELATIVE PRONOUNS. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Relative Pronouns. 250. 1-4, 251. 1,5, 6; A. & G. 305 
and a, 306 and b, 307. c, 308. a,/and N. ; H. 396 and 2, 397, 
39S and 1, 399. 4. 

2. Possessive Pronouns. 243. 1-3, 233. 3; A. & G. 302 
and a, c, e; H. 501, 393. 6. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. agri qui empti sunt, the lands which were bought. 

2. artes quae ad humanitatem pertinent, the studies which 
make for culture. 

3. calamitates quas tulerunt, the disasters they bore. 

4. Virtus et Fides quarum Romae templa sunt, Virtue and 
Faith to whom (lit. of whom) there are temples at Borne. 

5. inconstantia et temeritas quae digna non sunt deo, 
fickleness and haste, which are not worthy of a god. 

6. puer et puella qui aderant, the boy and girl who were 
present. 

7. Thebae quod Boeotiae caput est, Thebes, which is the 
capital of Boeotia. 

8. sex milia, qui ex acie perfugerant, six thousand who 
had fled from the battle. 

9. qui naturam secuti sunt, multa laudabilia fecerunt, 
those who have followed nature have done many praiseworthy 
things. 

7 



8 



Latin Composition. 



10. quo factum est, and by this it happened. 

11. haec tecum patria loquitur, your country thus pleads 
with you, literally, says this. 

12. Horatius sua manu. sororem interfecit, Horatius slew 
his sister witlx his own hand. 

13. compressl conatus tuos, I checked your attempts. 



VOCABULARY. 



admire, admiror, 1. 
armed, armatus, a, um. 
call, name, appello, 1. 
destroy, deleo, ere, evi, etus. 
famous, clams, a, um. 
friendly, amicus, a, um. 
lose, perdo, ere, perdidi, 

perditus. 
nothing, nihil, indeclinable. 



restore, replace, restituo, ere, 

ui, utus. 
seize, occupo, 1. 
set on fire, incendo, ere, endi, 

ensus. 
shield, scutum, l, n. 
state, civitas, atis, f. 
suffer, patior, l, passus. 
sword, gladius, I, m. 



EXERCISE. 

1. Caesar's soldiers seized Vesontio, which was the 
most famous town of the Sequani. 2. They tore 
down their own walls. 3. These legions which the 
general praises are the best. 4. The men and women 
whose town was destroyed are now dead. 5. Four 
thousand who were armed were cut to pieces. 

6. These men had lost their swords and shields. 

7. I have always praised your bravery, soldiers. 

8. They captured' a large town, which is called Tou- 
louse. 9. The Helvetii will restore the towns and 
villages which they have set on fire. 10. I admire 



Relative and Possessive Pronouns. 9 

the bravery and steadfastness which our soldiers ex- 
hibit. 11. We came to the borders of the Senones, 
who are a great state among the Gauls. 12. The 
tribes that had remained friendly suffered nothing. 
13. The mother and daughter who were captured have 
returned. 



LESSON IV. 

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Word Questions. 162. 1 ; A. & G. 333 ; H. 378. 

2. Sentence Questions. 162. 2. a-d ; A. & G. 332 and a-c ; 
H. 378. 1, 2. 

3. Double Questions. 162. 4 and a ; A. & G. 334 and 335 ; 
H. 380 and 1. 

4. Answers. 162. 5 ; A. & G. 336 and a. 1, 2 ; H. 379 and 1. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. quis umquam illud templum aspexit, who ever looked at 
that temple f 

2. quid postulas, what do you demand f 

3. ubi eos convenit, where did he meet them ? 

4. quo tandem accusator fugit, whither, pray, did the 
accuser flee ? 

5. eundemne tu. jiidicem siimebas, did you take the same 
man as judge ? 

6. num noctu venerunt, they didn't come at night, did they? 

7. nonne ad urbem profectus es, did you not set out for 
the city f 

8. tu in judicum conspectum venire audes, do you dare to 
come into the presence of the judges ? 

9. id utrum libentes an inviti dabant, did they give that 
willingly or unvnllingly f 

10. stultitiamne dicam an impudentiam singularem, shall 
I call it folly or stupendous impudence f 

10 



Questions and Answers. 11 

11. cum homine agimus an cum immani belua, are we deal- 
ing with a man or a wild beast ? 

12. tabulas habet annon. has he the tablets, or not f 

13. 'hosne vides ? ' ' video.' ' Do you see these men ? ' ' Yes.'' 

14. ' estisne vos legati ? ' ' ita.' ' Are yon envoys 9 ■ ; Yes. 1 

15. 'estne frater intus?' k Non est.' '-Is your brother 
within f i NoJ 1 

VOCABULARY. 

accomplish, efficio, ere, feci, money, pecunia, ae, f. 

fectus. | read, lego, ere, legi, lectus. 



ambassador, legatus, I, m. 
arrogant, insolens, entis. 
book, liber, libri, m. 
cruel, crudelis, e. 
forget, obliviscor, I, oblitus. 
how many, quot, indeclinable, 
land, ager, agri, m. 



recent, recens, entis. 
reward, remuneror, 1. 
seem, videor, eri, visus. 
treacherous, perfidus, a, urn. 
wage, gero, ere, gessT, gestus. 
war, bellum, I, n. 
wrong, injuria, ae, f. 



EXERCISE. 

1. How many * wars did the Eoman people wage ? 
2. Were all the Gallic towns destroyed ? 3. Had 
you seen our friend ? 4. Did you forget this ? By 
no means. 2 5. Will you reward these soldiers with 
lands or with money ? 6. Will the general who 
seized this hill remain here ? 7. Have you read 
all the books of Julius Caesar on the Gallic War ? 
8. Did you see the lists which the Helvetii had left 
in their camp ? Ko. 9. W T hat did Caesar accom- 
plish in Gaul? 10. When will the ambassadors 
whom we sent return ? 11. Will they set this town 
on fire or defend it 3 ? 12. Did you not forget these 



12 Latin Composition. 

recent wrongs ? 13. Who was ever so arrogant, so 
cruel, so treacherous? 14. You didn't 4 see that 
village, did you? 15. Will you not do what 5 has 
seemed best to your commaider ? 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. Interrogative words regularly stand first. 

2. by no means : minime. 

3. it : do not translate. 

4. See Example 6. 

5. what : ea quae, those things which. 



LESSON V. 

THE ACCUSATIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

(Accusative of Direct Object.) 

i. Simple Uses. 175. 1, 176. 1 ; A. & G. 387 ; H. 404. 

2. With Compound Verbs. 175. 2. a ; A. & G. 388. b ; H. 
406. 

3. With Verbs expressing Emotions. 175. 2. b ; A. & G. 
388. a ; H. 405. 1. 

4. Neuter Pronouns and Adjectives used as Accusative of 
■ Result Produced.' 176. 2 ; A. & G. 390. c ; H. 409. 1. 

5. Cognate Accusative. 176. 4 ; A. & G. 390 ; H. 409. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. gloria virtutem sequitur, glory follows virtue. 

2. omnia quae curant meminerunt, they remember all things 
for which they care. 

3. foedus ferire, to strike a treaty. 

4. omnes terrores subibo, I shall endure all terrors. 

5. hortos Epicuri modo praeteribamus, we were just now 
going past the gardens of Epicurus. 

6. Xenophon eadem x fere peccat, Xenophon commits almost 
the same errors. 

7. vellem idem 2 possem gloriari, would that I could make 
the same boast. 

8. unum 3 studetis, you have a single interest. 

13 



14 



Latin Composition. 



9. Caesar multum 4 equitatu valebat, Caesar ivas strong in 
cavalry. 

10. mirum somnium somniavi, I dreamed a remarkable 
dream. 

Notes on the Examples. 

1) eadem peccat: literally, errs the same things, i.e. makes 
the same errors. 

2) idem gloriari : literally, boast the same thing. 

3) tinum studetis : literally, you are zealous a single thing. 

4) multum valebat : literally, availed much. 



VOCABULARY. 



approach, adeo, ire, ii, itus. 

bank, ripa, ae, f. 

comrade, fellow-soldier, com- 

milito, onis, m. 
cross, transeo, ire, ii, iturus. 
cruelty, crudelitas, atis, f. 
fortify, muni 5, ire, ii, itus. 
grieve, grieve at, doleo, ere, 

ui, iturus. 
hardship, labor, oris, m. 
harm, noceo, ere, ui, iturus. 
meet (trans.), convenio, ire, 

veni, ventus. 



place, locus, I, m. ; plu. , loca, 

orum, n. 
reply, respondeo, ere, spondi, 

sponsus. 
river, flumen, inis, n. 
shudder, shudder at, horreo, 

ere, ui. 
suitable, idoneus, a, um. 
surpass, praecedo, ere, cessi, 

cessurus. 
surround, circumvenio, ire, 

veni, ventus. 



EXERCISE. 

1. You will shudder at the cruelty which your 
comrades have suffered. 2. The soldiers who had 
crossed the Ehine followed their commander into 
Germany. 3. We have done no harm. 1 4. The 
first legion chose a suitable place and at once forti- 



The Accusative. 15 

fied a camp. 5. The envoys of the Veneti made this 
reply. 2 6. Orgetorix made many other mistakes. 3 

7. We approached the banks of the Eiver Arar. 

8. These men were grieving over their many hard- 
ships and complaining of their fate. 9. The cavalry 
of the enemy had already surrounded two cohorts. 

10. No tribe surpasses the Helvetii in bravery. 4 

11. Part of these horsemen had already gone around 
the fortifications of the camp. 12. Has he not made 
the same answer ? 13. Caesar met the envoys of the 
Helvetii in that place. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. have done no harm : translate: have harmed nothing. 

2. made this reply : translate : replied these things. 

3. made many other mistakes : see the sixth Example. 

4. in bravery : express by the simple ablative. 



LESSON VI. 



THE ACCUSATIVE {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Two Accusatives, — Direct Object and Predicate Accusa- 
tive. 177. 1 ; A. & G. 393 ; H. 410 and 1. 

2. Adjective as Predicate Accusative. 177. 2 ; A. & G. 
393. N. ; H. 410. 3. 

3. Passive Construction of the Foregoing Verbs. 177. 3 ; 
A. & G. 393. a ; H. 410. 1. 

4. Two Accusatives, — Person Affected and Result Pro- 
duced. 178. 1. a-e ; A. & G. 394, 396 and a ; H. 411. 

5. Passive Construction of these Verbs. 178. 2 ; A. & G. 
396. ft; H. 411. 1. 

6. Two Accusatives with Compound Verbs. 179. 1-3; A. 
& G. 395 and N. 2 ; H. 413. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Ancum Marcium regem populus creavit, the people 
elected Ancus Marcius king. 

2. Bojos socios sibi asciscunt, they took the Boji as their 
allies. 

3. haec fama itinera infesta reddiderat, this rumor had 
rendered the roads dangerous. 

4. liber de amicitia qui inscribitur Laelius, the book on 
friendship, which is entitled Laelius. 

16 



The Accusative. 



1? 



5. ipse honestissimus numerabatur, he himself was ac- 
counted most distinguished. 

6. numquam divitias deos rogavi, I have never asked wealth 
from the gods. 

7. cur id me rogas, why do you ask me that f 

8. illud me admones, you give me that admonition. 

9. faciam illud quod rogatus sum, / will do that which I 
have been asked. 

10. multa admonemur, we are given many admonitions. 

11. milites navibus flumen transportat, he sets his troops 
across the river by boats. 

12. Belgae sunt Rhenum traducti, the Belgians were led 
across the Bhine. 

Remarks. 

1. Posc5, postul5, flagito, while admitting the construction 
of two accusatives, more commonly take the accusative of the 
thing asked and the ablative with ab of the person. Peto regu- 
larly takes the latter construction, as tribunatum a Caesare 
petivi, I asked a tribuneship from Caesar. 

2. Rogo, inquire, besides neuter pronouns and adjectives, ad- 
mits only sententiam as accusative of the thing. 

3. Doceo may take an infinitive in place of the accusative of 
the thing, as te doceo sentire, i" teach you to perceive. The com- 
pound edoceo is the only verb of teaching that is freely used in 
the passive. 

VOCABULARY. 



adjudge, judge, judico, 1. 
ask, rogo, 1. 
bridge, pons, pontis, m. 
concerning, de, prep, with abl. 
demand, postulo, 1; flagito, 1. 
energy, virtus, utis, f. 
honorable, honestus, a, um. 
march, iter, itineris, n. 



pay, stipendium. I, n. 
powerful, potens, entis. 
salute, saluto, 1. 
teach, doceo, ere, docul, 

doctus ; taught, edoctus. 
tribune, tribunus, I, m. 
troops, copiae, arum, f. 
watchfulness, vigilantia, ae, f. 



18 Latin Composition. 

EXERCISE. 

1. Labienus led his troops across the bridge which 
he had made over 1 this river. 2. Having been asked 
this 2 by Caesar, the envoys answered briefly. 3 3. The 
legions will salute their leader (as) Imperator. 4. The 
tribunes of the tenth legion will demand their pay of 
the general. 5. The general's watchfulness and 
energy had made the march safe. 6. Why did you 
give my friend this admonition ? 7. These chieftains 
have made themselves powerful among the Haedui. 

8. These horsemen were regarded (as) the best. 

9. Caesar's soldiers were twice led across the Rhine. 

10. He had been taught all things 4 which this tribe 
regards (as) honorable. 11. These scouts were asked 
their opinion concerning the ascent of the mountain. 
12. This man had already been adjudged an enemy of 
the Gauls. 13. The Haedui have a magistrate whom 
they call ' vergobretus.' 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. over this river : the Latin idiom is, in this river. 

2. this : use the neuter plural. 

3. briefly : use the neuter plural of pauci ; literally, answered 
a few things. 

4. all things : use the neuter plural of omnia. 



LESSON VII. 

THE ACCUSATIVE {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Accusative of Time and Space. 181. 1 ; A. & G. 423, 
425 ; H. 417. 

2. Accusative of Limit of Motion. 182. 1-4 ; A. & G. 426. 
2, 427. 2, 428. a, bj\ H. 418 and 1, 419 and 1, 2. 

3. Accusative in Exclamations. 183; A. & G. 397. d\ H. 
421. 

4. Accusative as Subject of Infinitive. 184 ; A. & G. 397. e ; 
H. 415. 

5. Other Accusative Uses. 185 ; A. & G. 397. a ; H. 416. 2, 3. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. decern annos regnavit, he reigned ten years. 

2. hie locus ab hoste sescentos passus aberat, this place 
was six hundred paces distant from the enemy. 

3. ratis ducentos longa pedes, a raft two hundred feet long. 

4. Delphos missi sunt, they were sent to Delphi. 

5. domos redeunt, they return to their homes. 

6. in Galliam ulterior em contendit et ad Genavam per- 
venit, he hastened to Gaul and arrived in the vicinity of Geneva. 

7. Thalam pervenit, in oppidum magnum, he came to Thala, 
a large town. 

8. nuntium ad exercitum Acen misit, he sent a messenger 
to his army at Ace. 

9. heu me infelicem, Ah, wretched me ! 

19 



20 



Latin Composition. 



10. pueros in Tiberim mitti jussit, he ordered the boys to be 
thrown into the Tiber. 

11. aliquid id genus, something of that sort. 

12. vir cetera egregius, a man excellent in other respects. 

13. maximam partem lacte vivunt, they live for the most 
part on milk. 

Remarks. 

1. Id temporis, id aetatis, at that time, and id genus, of that 
kind, were never frequently employed by Latin writers in good 
prose. To say at that time, use eo tempore (230 ; A. & G. 423. 1 ; 
H. 486) ; of that kind, ejus modi (203 ; A. & G. 345. a ; H. 440. 3). 

2. Observe that the accusative of the part affected (variously 
designated as Greek Accusative, Synecdochical Accusative, and 
Accusative of Specification) is regularly confined to poetry ; such 
expressions as Virgil's 5s umerosque deo similis should not be 
taken as models for prose writing. The Ablative of Specification 
(226 ; A. & G. 418 ; H. 480) is the proper case to denote this relation. 

3. A favorite way of saying so many years old, was by means 
of the phrase ann5s natus, as, sexaginta annos natus, sixty 
years old, literally, born sixty years. 

4. To denote duration for a small number of days or years it is 
customary to use biduum, triduum, quadriduum, two days, 
three days, four days ; and biennium, triennium, quadrien- 
nium, two years, three years, four years. 



VOCABULARY. 



battle, proelium, I, n. 
broad, latus, a, um. 
camp, castra, orum, n. 
children, liberi, orum, c. 
climb over, transcendo, ere, 

endi, ensus. 
Farther Ganl, Gallia ulterior. 
fight, pugnS, 1. 



flourishing, f lor ens, entis. 
foot, pes, pedis, in. 
luckless, Infelix, icis. 
mile, mllle passus, literally, 

thousand paces; plu. milia 

passuum. 
province, provincia, ae, f. 
rower, remex, igis, m. 



The Accusative. 21 



set out, proficiscor, I, fectus 

sum. 
thick, crassus, a, urn. 



thwart, transtrum, I, n. 
whole, totus, a, um. 



EXERCISE. 

1. A great battle was fought near Bibracte. 
2. We came to Vesontio, which was one hundred 
miles distant from Geneva. 1 3. The camp of the 
enemy was six miles away. 4. The whole army set 
out for the vicinity of Toulouse. 5. At the age of 
forty-three years, Caesar came into the province of 
Farther Gaul. 6. The thwarts of the rowers were 
one foot broad and three inches thick. 7. Those who 
came to this camp immediately returned to their 
homes. 8. We climbed over a wall ten feet high. 
9. The envoys who had been sent to Borne returned to 
Geneva in Gaul. 2 10. luckless women and chil- 
dren. 11. We came to Narbo, a most flourishing 
city. 3 12. These tribes live in large part in small 
towns and villages. 13. For the most part these 
lands are not fertile. 14. This man lived here forty 
years. 15. They fought (for) two days. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. from Geneva : use a with the ablative. 

2. See Example 8. 

3. See Example 7. 



LESSON VIII. 

THE DATIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

(Dative *of Indikect Object.) 

i. Indirect Object in Connection with a Direct Object after 
Transitive Verbs. 187. I and a ; A. & G. 362 ; H. 424. 

2. Indirect Object with Intransitive Verbs. 187. ll ; A. & 
G. 366, 367; H. 424,426. 1,2. 

3. Passive Construction of the Last Class of Verbs. 187. 
II. ft; A. &G. 372; H. 426. 3. 

4. Indirect Object with Compound Verbs. 187. III. 1, 2; 
A. &G. 370; H. 429 and 1. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. praestat tibi benevolentiam, he shows you kindness. 

2. praedam militibus donat, he gives the plunder to the 
soldiers. 

3. Haeduorum civitati Caesar indulserat, Caesar had 
favored the state of the Haedui. 

4. Thessaliae civitates Pelopidam coronis donaverunt, the 
states of Thessaly presented Pelopidas with golden crowns. 

5. aciem suam carris circumdederunt, they placed their line 
of battle around the wagons. 

6. Treviri ejus imperio non parebant, the Treviri did not 
obey his order. 

7. nocere alteri, to injure one's neighbor. 

8. aedificiis omnibus pepercit, he spared all buildings. 

9. probus invidet nemini, the upright man envies no one. 

22 



The Dative. 23 

10. aliorum laudi atque gloriae maxime invidetur, the 
praise and glory of others is especially envied ; lit. it is envied 
to the praise and glory, etc. 

11. mihi non persuasum est, I have not been persuaded ; lit- 
erally, it has not been persuaded to me. 

12. Pelopidas omnibus perlculis adfuit, Pelopidas was pres- 
ent at all dangers. 

13. Asia ubertate agrorum omnibus terris antecellit, Asia 
surpasses all countries in the fertility of its lands. 

14. amicitiam omnibus rebus humanis anteponimus, ice set 
friendship before all human things. 



15. mihi invidetur, / am 
envied ; 

tibi invidetur, you are 
envied ; 

ei invidetur, he is en- 
vied : 



nobis invidetur, we are en- 
vied ; 

vobis invidetur, you are en- 
vied ; 

eis invidetur, they are envied. 



Remarks. 

1. Persuadeo and noceo, besides the dative of the person, may 
take the Accusative of Result Produced. This construction, how- 
ever, is confined to narrow limits; the chief accusatives so used are 
hoc, illud, id, quod, quid (interrogative and indefinite), aliquid, 
nihil. Examples are : 

hoc Anaximandro non persuasit, he did not persuade Anaxi- 
mander to this effect. 

quid mihi istius inimicitiae nocebunt, what harm will that 
fellow's hostility do me ? 

2. In the passive construction of these verbs the accusative of 
the thing is retained, e.g. : 

hoc ipsis Siculis persuasum est, the Sicilians themselves 
were persuaded to this effect. 

3. With mitto and scribo one may use either the accusative 
with ad or the dative, according as the idea of motion is or is not 
predominant. Thus either mihi or ad me scripsisti, you icrote 
to me. 



24 



Latin Composition, 



VOCABULARY. 



centurion, centurio, orris, m. 

charge, be in charge, praesum, 
esse, fui ; put in charge, 
praeficio, ere, feci, fectus ; 
with accusative of direct ob- 
ject and dative of the indi- 
rect. 

cohort, cohors, rtis, f. 

enjoin, praecipio, ere, cepi, 
ceptus, with dative. 

envy, invideo, ere, vidi, vi- 
sus, with dative. 

furnish, praebeo, ere, ui, itus. 



grain, frumentum, 1, n. 
injure, noceo, ere, ui, iturus. 
letter, epistula, ae, f. ; or lit- 

terae, arum, f. 
liberal, largus, a, um. 
obey, pared, ere, ui, iturus. 
persuade, persuadeo, ere, 

suasi, suasum. 
promise, polliceor, eri, itus. 
reward, munus, eris, n. 
spare, parco, ere, peperci. 
write, scrib5, ere, scrips!, 

scriptus. 



EXERCISE. 

1. Write me the letter which you promised. 
2. Caesar put those centurions whom he considered 
best in charge of these cohorts. 3. I will do you no 
injury. 1 4. These orders were obeyed. 5. Labi- 
enus, Caesar's lieutenant, was in charge of three 
legions. 6. I enjoin this upon you all. 7. We were 
all envied. 8. The Gauls furnished horsemen, money, 
and grain to Caesar. 9. This prisoner will not be 
spared. 10. Most liberal rewards were given to the 
ambassadors of the Allobroges. 11. My friends will 
not envy this glory of mine. 2 12. We surrounded 
the infantry with a great multitude of cavalry. 
13. All good soldiers will obey the commands of their 
general. 14. He will present prizes to those who 



The Dative, 25 

defended this bridge so bravely. 15. Did you not 
resist the leaders of that conspiracy ? 16. I shall 
not be persuaded. 17. He was spared. 18. We are 
obeyed. 19. They are injured. 20. All the old 
men of the Veneti were present at this assembly. 
21. Caesar spared no fields of the Suebi. 22. Who 
was in charge of the smaller camp ? 

Caesar sets out for Gaul. 

Caesar had completed the duties 3 of his consulship 
and had not yet departed for 4 his province, when 
reports were brought to him concerning the plans of 
the Helvetii. Two hundred and sixty-two thousand 
of these were already near Geneva, and were threaten- 
ing the Roman province. Accordingly Caesar set out 
immediately for 4 Farther Gaul, and arrived in the 
vicinity of Geneva within seven days. 5 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. will do you no injury : translate: will injure you nothing. 

2. glory of mine : translate: my glory. 

3. duties : for duty, use munus, eris, n. 

4. for : use in with the accusative. 

5. within seven days : express by the ablative. 



LESSON IX. 

THE DATIVE {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Dative of Reference. 188. 1; A. & G. 376; H. 425. 4. 
andN. 

2. Dative of Local Standpoint. 188. 2. a ; A. & G. 378. 2 ; 
H. 425. 4. 

3. Ethical Dative. 188. 2. b ; A. & G. 380 ; H. 432. 

4 . Dative of Person Judging. 188. 2. c; A. & G. 378. 1. 

5. Dative of Separation. 188. 2. d] A. & G. 381; H. 
429. 2. 

6. Dative of Agency. 189. 1, 2 ; A. & G. 374 ; H. 431. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. puero dormienti caput ardebat, the head of the boy 
burned as he slept ; lit. the head burned to the boy sleeping. 

2. sese omnes Caesari ad pedes projecerunt, they all threw 
themselves at Caesar" 1 s feet ; lit. to Qaesar at the feet. 

3. oppidum primum Thessaliae venientibus ab Epiro, the 
first town of Thessaly as you come from Epirus. 

4. quid sibi vult, what does he mean ? lit. wish for himself. 

5. ego tibi oratorem sic instituam, IHl train you an orator 
in the following way. 

6. animo cupienti nihil satis festinatur, to an eager mind 
nothing goes fast enough. 

7. fortunatus sibi Damocles videbatur, to himself Damocles 
seemed fortunate. 

26 



The Dative. 



27 



8. reddite ei vitam cui ademistis, rest >re life to him from 
whom you have taken it. 

9. multum tuis operibus diuturnitas detrahet, time will 
take away much from your achievements. 

10. diligentia praecipue colenda est nobis, carefulness must 
be especially cultivated by us. 

11. omnibus hominibus moriendum est, all men must die. 

12. qui tibi ad caedem constituti sunt, who have been marked 
by you for murder. 

Remarks. 

1. Except in the phrase sibi velle, to mean, the Ethical Dative 
is rare, being confined mainly to colloquial language and to poetry. 

2. Note that for the purpose of avoiding ambiguity the ablative 
with a (at)) is used even with the gerundive, as, — hostibus a 
nobis parcendum est, ive must spare our enemies. 



VOCABULARY. 



allies, socil, orum, m. 

almost, paene, adv. 

avenue, avenue of approach, 

aditus, us, m. 
bloodshed, caedes, is, f. 
body, corpus, oris, n. 
brave, fortis, e. 
cut off, intercludo, ere, clusi, 

clusus. 
hillock, tumulus, I, m. 



justice, justitia, ae, f. 
project, consilium, l, n. 
snatch, snatch from, eripio, 

ere, ripui, reptus. 
take, take from, adimo, ere, 

eml, emptus. 
virtue, virtus, utis, f. 
way, route, iter, itineris, n. 
weapons, arma, orum, n. 



EXERCISE. 

1. Much 1 money and many weapons were taken 
from the townspeople. 2. You must resist vice. 2 
3. He snatched the sword from the centurion. 4. What 



28 Latin Composition. 

sense 8 have war and bloodshed ? 5. Yoii have taken 
away from our allies almost all (their) rights. 6. This 
journey must be undertaken by us. 7. We shall cut 
these men 4 off from every avenue of approach. 

8. These projects seemed good to most citizens. 

9. Good friends must not be injured by you. 5 

10. These brave men blocked the way of the enemy 6 
with their own bodies. 11. This hillock is situated 
on the left hand as you draw near 7 to the city. 

12. Virtue and justice ought to be cherished by all. 

13. These wicked men must not be spared by good 
citizens. 5 14. By w T hom must resistance be made? 8 
15. To me these projects seemed honorable. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. For 'much money' the Latin regularly says, 'great money.' 

2. you must resist vice : translate : it must be resisted (to) vice 
by you. For ' vice/ use improbitas, atis, f . 

3. Use volo with the Ethical Dative. 

4. In Latin, ' cut off all avenues to these men.' 

5. See Remark 2 under Examples. 

6. In Latin, ' blocked the way to the enemy.' 

7. as you draw near : see Example 3. 
. 8. See the Suggestion on sentence 2. 



LESSON X. 

THE DATIVE {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Dative of Possession. 190 and 1 ; A. & G. 373 and a; 
H. 430. 

2. Dative of Purpose. 191. 1, 2 ; A. & G. 382 and 1, 2 ; H. 
433 and 3. 

3. Dative with Adjectives. 192. 1, 2; A. & G. 383, 384; 
H. 434 and 2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. nobis sunt conjuges et liberi, we have wives and children. 

2. tons cui nomen Arethusa est, a fountain ichich has the 
name Arethusa. 

3. Faustulo ei fuit nomen, Faustulus ivas his name. 

4. dies colloquio dictus est. a day was set for a conference. 

5. German! auxilio a Belgis arcessiti sunt, the Germans 
were summoned by the Belgians for aid. 

6. una res nostris niagno usui erat, one thing was of great 
advantage to our men, lit. to our men for great advantage. 

7. quinque cohortes castris praesidio reliquit, he left five 
cohorts as a guard for the camp. 

8. res tuae mihi maximae curae sunt, your interests are 
of the greatest concern to me. 

9. cui bono est, to whom is it of advantage ? lit. for an ad- 
vantage. 

10. hoc mihi detrimento est, this is a disadvantage to me. 

11. genus litterarum meis studiis aptum, a kind of litera- 
ture suited to my studies. 

29 



30 



Latin Composition. 



12. leges secundissimas plebei, adversas ndbilitati tulit, he 

proposed laws most favorable to the people, but hostile to the 
nobility. 

Remarks. 

1. For the difference between the Dative of Possession and the 
Possessive Genitive, see Lesson XI, Remark 3. 

2. The Dative of Possession is mainly used with reference to 
material possessions; the possession of mental qualities is more 
frequently indicated in other ways. 

3. With nomen est the name is very rarely attracted into the 
Dative in Cicero's writings, though quite commonly so attracted in 
later authors. Either construction, therefore, is quite idiomatic. 

4. The chief verbs that take a Dative of Purpose besides sum 
are: relinquo, deligo, dico, mitto, venio, habeo, duco. 

5. Among the commonest Datives of Purpose used with esse 
are: auxilio, curae, detriments, fraud!, lucro, saluti, im- 
pedimenta, odio, praesidi5. 



VOCABULARY. 



abode, domicilium, I, n. 

aid, subsidium, I, n. 

choose, deligo, ere, legi, lec- 

tus. 
common, communis, e. 
death, mors, mortis, f. 
dwell, incolo, ere, colui, cul- 

tus. 
hatred, odium, l, n. 
hindrance, impedimentum, I, n. 



lack, inopia, ae, f. 
loyal, fidelis, e. 
matter, thing, res, rei, f. 
nation, natio, onis, f. 
neighboring, finitimus, a, um. 
period of life, aetas, atis, f. 
state, civitas, atis, f. 
wealth, divitiae, arum, f. 
well-to-do, beatus, a, um. 



EXERCISE. 

1. The neighboring tribes are friendly to the Bo- 
mans. 2. This chieftain has many lands and much 



The Dative, 31 

money. 3. The name of the man whom Caesar placed 
in charge of these winter quarters was Galba. 4. We 
chose a place suitable for a camp. 5. We sent as 
aid 1 to you the two legions which we considered 
most loyal. 6. They chose this place as an abode. 
7. Death is common to every period of life. 8. In 
every state those who have no wealth envy the well- 
to-do. 9. We have many shields which we took from 
the Helvetii. 10. This place was not suitable for a 
battle. 11. The lack of grain was a hindrance 2 to 
the Eomans. 12. This matter will be (for) a care to 
me. 13. Men who injure the state are an object of 
hatred 3 to us. 14. What nations dwelt next to the 
Germans ? 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. as aid : translate : for aid. 

2. a hindrance : translate : for a hindrance. 

3. an object of hatred : translate : for hatred. 



LESSON XI. 

THE GENITIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Genitive of Origin. 196. 

2. Genitive of Material. 197 ; A. & G. 344. 

3. Genitive of Possession. 198. 1, 3 ; A. & G. 343 and b; 
H. 440. 1. 

4. Subjective Genitive. 199; A. & G. 343. N. 1; H. 440. 1. 

5. Objective Genitive. 200; A. & G. 347, 348; H. 440. 2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Marci filius, Marcuses son. 

2. talentum auri, a talent of gold. 

3. signa decimae legionis, the standards of the tenth legion. 

4. Hbertatis causa, for freedom's sake. 

5. amicitiae gratia, for friendship' 's sake. 

6. manus captivorum, the hands of the prisoners. 

7. stulti est haec sperare, it is (the part) of a fool to hope 
this. 

8. angusti animi est amare divitias, it is (characteristic) 
of a narrow mind to love riches. 

9. metus parentum, the fears of parents. 

10. questus mulierum, the laments of the women. 

11. studium virtutis, the pursuit of virtue. 

12. memoria bene factorum, the recollection of good deeds, 
lit. of things well done. 

32 



The Genitive. 



33 



Remarks. 

1. Causa is much commoner than gratia in the sense on 
account of, for the sake of. 

2. The Objective Genitive occurs most frequently in combination 
with nouns derived from verbs that govern the accusative ; yet by 
an extension of usage we sometimes find the genitive used with 
nouns derived from verbs that govern other cases, e.g. consuetudo 
hominum, intercourse xoith men (cf. consuescere cum homini- 
bus, to associate xoith men) ; excessus vitae, departure from life 
(cf. excedere e vita, to depart from life). 

3. The Genitive of Possession, as compared with the Dative of 
Possessor, gives emphasis to the possessor ; the Dative emphasizes 
rather the fact of possession, e.g. hortus mei patris est, the 
garden is my father's ; mini hortus est, I possess a garden. 



VOCABULARY. 



attack, impetus, us, in. 
bring under, redigo, ere, egi, 

actus ; construed with sub 

and ace. 
character, natura, ae, f. 
excuse, exciisatio, onis, f. 
fall upon, incido, ere, incidi; 

with dat. of indirect object. 
hear, audio, ire, Ivi, Itus. 
hope, spes, el, f. 
leave, relinquo, ere, liqui, 

lictus. 



longing, desiderium, I, n. 
memory, memoria, ae, f. 
power, potentia, ae, f. 
safety, salus, utis, f. 
shower, imber, imbris, m. 
stone, lapis, idis, m. 
touch, move, moveo, ere, 

movi, motus. 
withstand, sustineo, ere, ui, 

tentus. 



EXERCISE. 

1. The cries of the women and children were clearly 
heard. 2. We shall leave these centurions (as) 
guardians of this bridge. 3. The excuses of these 



34 Latin Composition. 

men seemed empty to me. 4. The character of all 
states has ever been the same. 5. Whose soldiers 
remained loyal ? 6. Your memory of us will touch 
our father. 7. A shower of stones fell upon the 
soldiers. 8. Longing for you never leaves me. 
9. The inhabitants of that village were brought under 
the power of the Gauls. 10. The Romans bravely 
withstood the attack of the Nervii. 11. These Gauls 
exhibited great contempt for us. 12. We saw no hope 
of safety. 13. For whose sake did you assemble ? 
14. These conspirators were impelled by a desire of 
regal power. 15. The safety of all Aquitania rested 
on the valor of these (men). 



LESSON XII. 

THE GENITIVE (continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Genitive of the Whole ('Partitive Genitive 0- 2 °1 
entire ; A. & G. 346. a. 1-3, c, e ; H. 440. 5 and N., 441, 442, 
443. 

2. Genitive of Quality. 203. 1-5; A. & G. 345. a, 6; 
H. 440. 3. 

3. Appositional Genitive. 202 ; A. & G. 343. d ; H. 440. 4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. quinque milia passuum, Jive miles, lit. Jive thousands of 
paces. 

2. quis nostrum, ivho of us 9 

3. quid est causae, vjhat reason is there ? 

4. unus ex amicis nostris, one of our friends. 

5. quot vos estis, how many of you are there ? 

6. pertuli poenarum satis, I have endured enough penalties. 

7. plus mali, more mischief. 

8. aliquid illustre, something famous. 

9. ubi terrarum eras, where in the icorld were you ? 

10. vir magni animi, a man of high purpose. 

11. hujus modi consilia, plans of this sort. 

12. porticus trecentorum pedum, a portico three hundred 
feet long, lit. of three hundred feet. 

13. quanti est aestimanda virtus, how highly virtue ought 
to be prized! lit. of how much (value). 

35 



36 



Latin Composition. 



14. quanti aedes emisti, at hoiv high a price did you buy the 
house ? 

15. illae omnes dissensiones erant ejus modi, all those dis- 
sensions were of this kind. 

16. nomen pacis dulce est, the name (of) 'peace' is sweet. 

Remarks. 

1. Observe that the Genitive o£ Quality when applied to persons 
is properly used only of permanent characteristics ; incidental or 
transitory qualities cannot be indicated except by the ablative. 
See Lesson XVIII, Remark 1. 

2. Note that the adjectives most frequently employed in con- 
nection with a genitive to denote quality are adjectives of amount 
(e.g. magnus, maximus, summus, tantus, and numerals) ; ejus, 
hujus, etc., in combination with modi, also occur frequently. 



VOCABULARY. 



advance, progredior, I, gres- 
sus. 

courage, animus, I, m. 

dead, mortuus, a, um. 

dig (a trench), diico, ere, duxl, 
ductus ; literally, lead, run. 

eldest, maximus natu ; liter- 
ally, greatest in birth. 

embankment, agger, eris, m. 

excellent, egregius, a, um. 

fifteen, quindecim. 



greatest, highest (of qualities), 

summus, a, um. 
hateful, odiosus, a, um. 
more (substantive), plus, 

pluris. 
plan, consilium, I, n. 
regard, consider, existimo, 1. 
sell, vendo, ere, vendidi, itus. 
slay, occido, ere, cidi, cisus. 
trench, fossa, ae, f. 



EXERCISE. 



1. We climbed a wall (of) fifteen feet in height. 1 
2. Who of you was moved by longing for us ? 3. Have 
you more money now ? No. But I have land enough. 



The Genitive* 37 

4. How many of these men remained ? 5. The scouts 
were of good courage and advanced four miles into 
the territory of the enemy. 6. One of you was absent 
(for) three days. 2 7. Four thousand cavalry and ten 
thousand infantry were led 3 across this river yester- 
day. 8. The name of king was always hateful to the 
Roman people. 9. We sold this booty at a higher 
price. 10. The excuses of the soldiers are of this kind. 
11. Of what kind were these plans ? 12. How much 
money did the eldest of these brothers lose ? 13. Cato 
was regarded (as) a man of the greatest justice. 
14. Two of the soldiers were left dead. 15. The 
soldiers dug a trench twelve feet deep 4 and raised an 
embankment sixteen feet high. 4 

The Helvetii Select a Route into Gaul. 

The mountain was steep, the road was 5 narrow, the 
river was 5 deep. On account of the great difficul- 
ties, therefore, the Helvetii were not able to go by 
this route, but chose another and easier (one), which 
led through the territory of the Sequani. These were 
at first unwilling 6 to permit the Helvetians to pass 
through, but were finally won over by gifts and 
promises, and granted the envoys of the Helvetii 
the privilege 7 which they had so earnestly 8 sought. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. in height: translate: into height. 

2. three days : see Lesson VII, Remark 4. 

3. See Lesson II, Example 13. 



38 Latin Composition. 

4. twelve feet deep, sixteen feet deep: translate: of twelve feet, 
of sixteen feet. 

5. Translate was but once. Place it at the end of the sentence. 

6. were unwilling : use n515. 

7. privilege : use potestas, atis, f . 

8. so earnestly : tantopere. 



LESSON XIII. 

THE GENITIVE {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Genitive with Adjectives. 204. 1-3 ; A. & G. 349 and a, 
ft, 385. c and 2 ; H. 450, 451. 1, 2 and X. 1, 3. 

2. Genitive with memini, remin/scor, obllviscor. 206. 1,2; 
A. & G. 350. a, ft, c, d; H. 454 and 1, 455. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. semper appetentes gloriae atque avidi laudis fuistis, 
you were always desirous of glory and eager for praise. 

2. vir bellorum peritissimus, a man most experienced in 
wars. 

3. habetis ducem memorem vestri, you have a leader 
mindful of you. 

4. omnia plena luctus et maeroris fuerunt, all things were 
full of mourning and sorrow. 

5. fuit hoc quondam proprium populi Roman!, this was 
formerly characteristic of the Boman people. 

6. ipsa calamitas communis est utriusque nostrum, the 
calamity itself is common to each of us. 

7. tui similis, like you. 

8. hoc non veri simile est, this is not likely. 

9. vivorum memini, / remember the living. 

10. Cinnam memini, I recall Cinna. 

11. Epicuri non licet oblivisci, we cannot forget Epicurus. 

12. meministis ilium diem, you remember that day. 

39 



40 



Latin Composition. 



13. numquam obliviscar noctis illius, I shall never forget 
that night. 

14. obllviscor tuas inj arias, I forget your injuries. 

15. reminiscens veteris famae, remembering the old report. 

16. haec reminiscitur, he remembers this. 

17. multa memini, I remember many things. 

Remarks. 

1. With memini and obllviscor, personal pronouns regularly 
stand in the genitive. 

2. While memini and obllviscor take either the accusative or 
the genitive of the thing remembered or forgotten, yet 

3. Note that neuter pronouns (as haec, ilia, ea, ista, quae, 
etc.), and adjectives used substantively (as multa, pauca, omnia) 
regularly stand in the accusative. 

4. Recordor always takes the accusative. 

5. Reminisci is rarely used, especially with an object denoting 
a person; but reminiscens and reminiscendi regularly supply 
the missing participle and gerund of memini. 

VOCABULARY. 



ancestors, ma j ores, um, m. 
cause, causa, ae, f. 
characteristic of, proprius, a, 

um. 
experienced in, peritus, a, 

um. 
few, pauci, ae, a. 
humanity, humanitas, atis, f. 



ignorant, ignarus, a, um. 
illustrious, illustris, e. 
law-court, basilica, ae, f. 
military matters, res militaris, 

rei militaris, f. 
sorrow, maeror, oris, in. 
statue, statua, ae, f. 
temple, templum, I, n. 



EXERCISE. 

1. Have you forgotten all the things 1 which we 
heard? 2. Justice and humanity have ever been 



The G-enitive. 41 

characteristic of the Koman people. 3. You are not 
ignorant, are you, of these customs ? 4. Those who 
remember these wars will never forget the bloodshed 
and sorrow of which they were the cause. 5. The 
Koman Forum was full of temples, statues, and law- 
courts. 6. Labienus was regarded as experienced 
in 2 military matters. 7. Those things which they 
remember are of small (account). 3 8. We remember 
few things concerning this siege. 9. These conspira- 
tors were eager for power and wealth. 10. Do you 
remember your illustrious ancestors ? 11. He remem- 
bered us, but forgot everything else. 4 12. Why are 
you unmindful of your country ? 13. When will you 
forget these controversies and dissensions ? 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. all the things : omnia ea. 

2. in military matters : use the genitive. 

3. of small {account) : use the genitive of value. 

4. everything else : translate : all other things, using neuter 
form. 



LESSON XIV. 

THE GENITIVE {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Genitive with admoneo, commoneb, commonefacio. 207 
anda,/;; A. & G. 351 ; H. 456. 

2. Genitive with Verbs of Judicial Action. 208. 1, 2, a, b ; 
A. & G. 352 and a, 353. 1 ; H. 456 and 3, 4. 

3. Genitive with Impersonal Verbs. 209. 1 ; A. & G. 354. 
b, c ; H. 457. 

4. Genitive with misereor, miserescb. 209. 2 ; A. & G. 354. 
a; H. 457. 

5. Genitive with interest and refert. 210; 211. 1-4; A. & 
G. 355 and a ; H. 449. 1-4. 

6. Genitive with Other Verbs. 212. 1, 2; A. & G. 356, 357. 
a ; H. 458. 2, 3. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. ipse te veteris amicitiae commonefacit, he himself re- 
minds you of your former friendship. 

2. de studiis nos admones, you remind us of our studies. 

3. haec te admoneo, I give you this admonition. 

4. Miltiades proditionis est accusatus, Miltiades ivas ac- 
cused of treason. 

5. te avaritiae coarguo, I convict you of greed. 

6. majestatis absoluti sunt permulti, very many have been 
acquitted of treason. 

7. capitis damnatus, condemned on a capital charge. 

42 



The G-enitive. 43 

8. pecuniae piiblicae est condemnatus, he was condemned 
on a charge of embezzlement, lit. of public money, i.e. of taking it. 

9. tertia parte agri damnati sunt, they were condemned {to 
pay) a third of their land. 

10. capite damnatus est, he was condemned to death. 

11. me tui et tudrum Hberum miseret, I pity you and your 
children. 

12. me stultitiae meae pudet, I am ashamed of my folly. 

13. me paenitet hoc f ecisse, / repent having done this. 

14. miseremini ejus, pity him. 

15. hoc rei publicae interfuit, this concerned the common- 
wealth. 

16. nostra interest, it concerns us. 

17. omnium nostrum interest, it concerns us all. 

18. tua parvi refert, it concerns you little. 

19. indigeo tui consilii, / need your counsel. 

Remarks. 

. 1. Moneo in the best period is not construed with the genitive. 

2. In Cicero eg"eo (with perhaps a single exception) is followed by 
the ablative of the thing needed ; indig'eo at all periods regularly 
takes the genitive. 

3. In Cicero at least, — and probably also generally, — interest 
is much more commonly used than refert. 

VOCABULARY. 



ashamed, it shames, pudet, 

pudere, puduit. 
at hand, be at hand, adsum, 

esse, fui, futurus. 
concern, it concerns, interest, 

esse, fuit ; refert, referre, 

retulit. 
convict, condemno, 1. 



cowardice, ignavia, ae, f. 

crime, scelus, eris, n. 

disaster, clades, is, f. 

enter upon, ineo, ire, ii, itus. 

error, error, oris, m. 

escape, trans., effugio, ere, 
fugi, fugiturus ; mtrans., 
evado, ere, vasi, vasum. 



44 Latin Composition. 



greatly, magnopere. 
help, assistance, auxilium, 1, n. 
remind, admoneo, ere, ui, 
itus. 



regret, repent, be sorry, it 
repents, paenitet, ere,ituit. 
traitor, proditor, oris, m. 
treason, proditio, orris, f. 



EXERCISE. 

1. The Gauls often repent of the plans which they 
have entered upon. 2. Vercingetorix was accused of 
treason. 3. It is of great importance x to us to escape 
these dangers. 4. These soldiers were ashamed of 
their cowardice. 5. We pitied those Gauls who fled 
and were brought back to Caesar. 6. It concerns you 
and me to remember our duty. 7. All good men will 
regret this decision. 8. The help which you need is 
at hand. 9. I gave you this warning. 10. Do you 
not pity these men who have been convicted of treason ? 

11. Are you not ashamed to have spared this traitor ? 

12. No one who had been condemned to death escaped. 

13. Will this man repent of his error and crime ? 

14. All whom it greatly concerned were present. 

15. Caesar has often been accused of the greatest 
cruelty. 16. Who will remind him of his duty ? 
17. No one will convict him of theft. 18. Why did 
Divico remind Caesar of this disaster ? 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 
1. is of great importance : translate : it concerns greatly. - 



LESSON XV, 

THE ABLATIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Ablative of Separation. 214 entire; A. & G. 400, 401, 
402. a ; H. 462, 465. 

2. Ablative of Source. 215 entire ; A. & G. 403. a ; H. 
467, 469. 1, 2. 

3. Ablative of Agent. 216 entire; A. & G. 405; H. 468 
and 1. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. liberamur mortis metu, we are freed from fear of death. 

2. Democritus oculis se privavit, Democritus blinded him- 
self lit. deprived himself of his eyes. 

3. qui omnia in pecunia ponet, honore carebit, he who cen- 
tres everything in money will lack honor. 

4. urbs nuda praesidio, a city bare of defence. 

5. urbem a 1 tyranno Hberarunt, they delivered the city from 
the tyrant. 

6. Caesar proelio abstinebat, Caesar refrained from 
fighting. 

7. a terris caelum secrevit deus, the god separated the 
heaven from the earth. 

8. Apollo Jove natus est et Latona, Apollo was born of 
Jupiter and Latona. 

9. equestri genere ortus est, he was born of an equestrian 
family. 

10. uxdrem ducit, ex 2 qua natus est Themistocles, he 
married a wife, of whom was born Themistocles. 

45 



46 



Latin Composition. 



11. Belgae erant orti ab Germanis, the Belgians were sprung 
from the Germans. 

12. homines a spe deserti, men abandoned by hope. 

13. de his rebus per 3 nuntios certior factus est Caesar, 
Caesar ivas informed of these things by messengers. 

Notes on the Examples. 

1) Observe that Hbero is construed with the ablative with a (ab) 
when the reference is to a person. 

2) The Ablative of Source is accompanied by the preposition ex 
when the source is indicated by a pronoun. 

3) When a person is viewed not as an independent agent, but 
rather as one through whose instrumentality something is done, 
this relation is expressed by per with the accusative. 



VOCABULARY. 



await, exspecto, 1. 

born, be born, nascor, I, 

natus. 
defender, defensor, oris, m. 
deliver, libero, 1. 
desist, desisto, ere, destiti. 
disagree, dissentio, ire, sensi, 

sensum. 
exempt, liber, era, erum. 



keep away, arce5, ere, ui. 
lack, careo, ere, ui, iturus. 
meanwhile, interea. 
obstinacy, pertinacia, ae, f. 
refrain, abstineo, ere, ui. 
shelter, tectum, I, n.; liter- 
ally, roof. 
strip, nudo, 1. 



EXERCISE. 

1. We shall await our cavalry and shall meanwhile 
refrain from battle. 2. The walls of this town had 
already been stripped of defenders. 3. Why does 
Ariovistus not desist from his obstinacy ? 4. These 
children were not born of me. 5. ISTo fleet was seen 
by those who had assembled at the shore. 6. This 



The Ablative. 47 

centurion had been without food for very many days. 

7. The Ubii were delivered from oppression by Caesar. 

8. Caesar had been cut off from grain and supplies by 
Ariovistus. 9. Have you not always disagreed with 
those who defend these acts ? 10. This camp was 
fortified by soldiers of the tenth legion. 11. They 
stripped one of the soldiers of his weapons. 12. This 
man was kept for three days from shelter and food. 

13. Romulus was born of Mars and Rhea Silvia. 

14. Were these young men born of you? 15. He 
who is exempt from toil lacks the fruits of toil. 

16. We kept the enemy away from these redoubts. 

17. He was informed through scouts of the departure 

of the Gauls. 18. Piso was born of a very noble 

family. 

The Helvetii Defy Caesar. 

Our ancestors were brave (men), and we are all like 
them. They once defeated an army of yours 1 and 
slew its commander. We have decided not to return 
to (our) homes, but to press on 2 into Gaul and secure 
new abodes and fertile lands, which we greatly need. 
We shall yield neither to threats nor force, 3 but shall 
fight bravely and shall win 4 victory. Remember 
these words of ours. 5 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. of yours : translate : your. 

2. press on : use contends, ere, endi, entum. 

3. force : use violentia, ae. 

4. win : use pari5, ere, peperl, partus. 

5. of ours : translate : our. 



LESSON XVI. 

THE ABLATIVE {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Ablative of Comparison.. 217. 1-4; A. & G. 406 and a, 
407 andc; H. 471 and 1, 4. 

2. Ablative of Means. 218 ; A. & G. 409 ; H. 476. 

3. Ablative with the Deponents, utor, fruor, etc. 218. 1 ; 
A. & G. 410 ; H. 477. I. 

4. Ablative with opus est. 218. 2 ; A. & G. 411 and a ; H. 
477. III. 

5. Ablative with nltor, innlxus, fretus. 218. 3 ; A. & G. 
431 and a ; H. 476. 1, 3. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. qnid est in homine ratione divinius, what is there in 
man diviner than reason ? 

2. nihil rarius perfects oratore invenitur, nothing is more 
rarely found than a finished orator. 

3. Lepidus quo multi fuerunt duces meliores, Lepidus than 
whom there were many better leaders. 

4. ego tibi magis deditus sum quam tuo fratri, / am more 
devoted to you than to your brother. 

5. plus septingenti capti sunt, more than seven hundred 
were captured. 

6. tecum plus annum vixit, he lived with you more than a 
year. 

7. latius opinione malum disseminatum est, the evil is 
more widely diffused than is thought. 

48 



The Ablative. 49 

8. amici neque armis neque auro parantur, friends are 
not won by arms or by gold. 

9. ea lenitate senatus est usus, the senate exercised this 
indulgence. 

10. hac eximia fortuna fruitur, he enjoys this noteworthy 
fortune. 

11. celeritate opus est, there is need of speed. 

12. homo non gratia nititur, the man does not depend on 
influence. 

13. fretus humanitate vestra, relying upon your kindness. 

Remarks. 

1. Cicero in his Orations (and probably also in his other works) 
confines the use of the Ablative of Comparison mainly to negative 
sentences and interrogative sentences implying a negative. No 
other writer, however, observes so strict a canon, and even in 
Cicero there is quite a percentage of exceptions. The ablative 
must be used in case of relative pronouns, i.e. always quo, qui- 
bus, — not quam qui. On the other hand, when the comparative 
is an attributive modifier of a noun in an oblique case, quam is 
used, and the proper form of the verb esse is expressed, as verba 
Varronis hominis doctioris quam fuit Claudius, the words 
of Varro, a more learned man than Claudius. 

2. Note that utor may take a second ablative (either noun or 
adjective) in the predicate relation, as quo duce utemur, ivhom 
shall ive employ as leader? eo placido uteris, you will find (lit. 
use) him tranquil. The second ablative here bears the same rela- 
tion to the first as* a predicate accusative to the direct object. 



baggage, impedimenta, 6mm, 

n. 
baneful, capitalis, e. 
dear, cams, a, um. 
exercise, use, utor, I, usus. 



VOCABULARY. 

get possession of, potior, iri, 
Itus. 

impel, impello, ere, pull, pul- 
sus. 

influence, auctoritas, atis, f. 



50 



Latin Composition. 



like, similis, e. 
messenger, nuntius, I, m. 
month, mensis, is, m. 
need, there is need, opus est. 



perform, fungor, 1, functus, 
seldom, raro. 
soon, cito; comp. citius. 
use, treat, find, utor, 1, usus. 



EXERCISE. 

1. Nothing was dearer to Caesar than the safety of 
his soldiers. 2. How did the enemy get possession 
of our baggage and camp ? 3. Caesar exercised his 
wonted mercy towards these tribes. 4. These two 
armies fought uninterruptedly more than six hours. 
5. The other tribes were impelled by the influence of 
the Veneti and detained the messengers. 6. These 
'soldurii' enjoy all privileges in common with 1 those 
to whose friendship they have devoted themselves. 

7. Caesar often used the assistance of the Gauls. 

8. Nothing is dearer to these men than liberty. 

9. You will need that sword. 10. You have per- 
formed the duty of a brave soldier. 11. These tribes 
seldom enjoyed peace. 12. A large part of these 
troops arrived sooner than expected. 13. He found 
you braver than your brother. 14. They are im- 
pelled by love pf pleasure, than which nothing is 
more baneful. 15. Will you treat the Haedui as 
friends, the Belgians as enemies? 16. He remained 
in this province more than fifteen months. 17. You 
are more like your brother than (like) your father. 
18. This I ask relying on your friendship. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 
1. in common with : una cum. 



LESSON XVII. 

THE ABLATIVE (continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Ablative with miscere, jungere, mutare, etc. 218. 5; A, 
& G. 413. a. N. ; H. 474. 2. 

2. Ablative in Special Phrases. 218. 7 ; H. 476. 4. 

3. Ablative with Verbs of Filling and Adjectives of Plenty. 
218. 8 ; A. & G. 409. a ; H. 477. II. 

4. Ablative of Way by Which. 218. 9; A. & G. 429. a; 
H. 476. 

5. Ablative of Cause. 219 entire; A. & G. 404; H. 475. 

6. Ablative of Manner. 220 entire ; A. & G. 412 and a ; 
H. 473. 3 and X. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. inest in ejus oratione mixta modestia gravitas, in his 

diction there is dignity mingled with modesty. 

2. bellum junctum miserrima fuga, war joined with most 
icretched flight. ■ 

3. pace bellum mutavit, he changed war for peace. 

4. hostes proelio lacessivit, he offered battle to the enemy, 
lit. provoked the enemy with battle. 

5. Tullia carpento in forum invecta est, Tullia drove to the 
Forum in her chariot. 

6. castris se tenuit, he kept in camp. 

7. Socrates fidibus canebat, Socrates used to play on the 
lyre, lit. with the lyre. 

51 



52 Latin Composition. 

8. deus bonis omnibus explevit mundum, God has filled the 
universe with all blessings. 

9. forum armatis militibus refertum viderat, he had seen 
the Forum filled with armed soldiers. 

10. Aurelia Via profectus est, he set out by the Aurelian 
Way. 

11. frumentum flumine Arari navibus subvexerat, he had 
brought up the grain in boats by way of the river Arar. 

12. ci vitas Romana avaritia et luxuria laborabat, the 
Boman state suffered because of avarice and self-indulgence. 

13. ardet desiderio, he burns with longing. 

14. meo jussu conjurati per forum ducti sunt, at my bid- 
ding the conspirators were led through the Forum. 

15. cum virtiite, virtuously. 

16. injuria, unjustly. 

17. magna gravitate loquitur, he speaks with great dignity. 

18. vetere pr5verbio, according to the old saying. 

Remarks. 

1. With jung5, conjungo, and misceo, the construction of 
the simple ablative occurs chiefly in combination with passive par- 
ticiples, junctus, conjunctus, mixtus, etc. 

2. The Ablative of Manner is best restricted to abstract words, 
such as celeritas, digiiitas, virtus, prudentia, etc. 

3. The Ablative of Accordance (see Example 18) appears also in 
such expressions as mea sententia, suis moribus, sua sponte, 
etc. 

VOCABULARY. 



change (of affairs) , res novae, 

rerum no varum, f. 
contented, contentus, a, um. 
efforts, opera, ae, f. 
hitherto, antea. 



justly, jure. 

keep in, confine, teneo, ere, ui. 
numbers, multitudo, inis, f. 
offer battle, proelio lacesso, 
ere, lacessivi, lacessi- 



The Ablative. 53 



tus ; literally, provoke by 

battle. 
opinion, sententia, ae, f. 
pay, pendo, ere, pependi, 

pensus. 



sally, make a sally, erumpo, 

ere, rupi, ruptus. 
tribute, stipendium, I, n. 
trust, confido, ere, fisus. 
uprightness, probitas, atis, f. 



EXERCISE. 

1. The enemy trusted to 1 (their) numbers ; our sol- 
diers to 1 (their) valor. 2. We shall be contented 
with the forces which we now have. 3. Caesar, who 
had kept his soldiers in camp the last five days, now 
offered battle to the Gauls. 4. By Caesar's efforts 2 
the Sequani were relieved of the tribute which they 
had hitherto paid to Ariovistus. 5. These boats were 
quickly filled with soldiers. 6. The Germans trained 
themselves in this kind of battle. 7. These soldiers 
returned with the greatest speed. 8. We justly de- 
manded this of you. 9. Most of the Belgians ap- 
proved these projects on account of their desire of 
change. 10. Will you not trust the wisdom of these 
friends? 11. The cavalry of the enemy found the 
ditches of the Eomans already filled with brushwood. 
12. At the order of the general the infantry made a 
sally by the gates. 13. In my opinion he who lives 
uprightly will be contented with his lot. 

Caesar's Answer to the Helvetian Envoys. 

I have not forgotten the disaster which you mention, 
or the wrongs that your ancestors inflicted on the 
Roman people many years ago. 3 Nor do I forget your 



54 Latin Compositio?i. 

recent acts. Without my consent, 4 you have attempted 
to make a passage through the province. Besides 
this 5 you have injured the Haedui and other allies of 
the Roman people. I cannot grant 6 these things 
which you ask (of) me. 7 Therefore lay aside your 
folly, give me hostages, and withdraw to (your) homes. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. Use the ablative. 

2. efforts : use the singular. 

3. many years ago : translate : ago by many years. 

4. ivithout my consent : translate : / being unwilling ; Ablative 
Absolute. 

5. Besides this : praeterea. 

6. grant : use concedS, ere, cessi, cessus. 

7. ivhich you ask of me : see Lesson VI, Example 6. 



LESSON XVIII. 

THE ABLATIVE (continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Ablative of Attendant Circumstance. 221. 

2. Ablative of Accompaniment. 222 ; A. & G. 413 and a ; 
H. 473. 1 ; 474. N. 1. 

3. Ablative of Degree of Difference. 223; A. & G. 414; H. 
479 ; cf. B. 357. 1 ; A. & G. 424./; H. 488. 

4 . Ablative of Quality. 224 ; A. & G. 415 ; H. 473. 2 and 
N. 1. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. tuo periculo jubeo libros dari Varroni, / bid the books be 
given Varro at your risk. 

2. res prospere gestae sunt auspicid Ap. Claudi, affairs 
were successfully managed under the auspices of Appius 
Claudius. 

3. pace tua dixerim, with your permission I would say. 

4. cum exercitu in Galliam contendit, he hurries to Gaul 
with his army. 

5. cum duabus legidnibus sequebatur, he followed with two 
legions. 

6. magno exercitu profectus est, he set out ivith a large 
army. 

7. uno die longiorem mensem faciunt, they make the month 
one day longer, lit. longer by one day. 

8. paucis post diebus, a few days afterwards. 

9. post quadriduum, four days afterwards. 

55 



56 



Latin Composition. 



10. paucos ante annos, a few years before. 

11. quo plures erant, eo major caedes fuit, the more there 
were, the greater was the slaughter. 

12. erat flumen difficili transitu, there was a river difficult to 
cross, lit. of difficult passage. 

13. Catilina fuit ingenio maid, Catiline was (a man) of a 
depraved disposition. 

14. Agesilaus fuit corpore exiguo, Agesilaus was of small 
figure. 

15. milites erant bono animo, the soldiers were of good 
courage. 

Remarks. 

1. The Ablative of Quality primarily designates qualities which 
are more or less transitory. The observation sometimes made that 
the genitive denotes internal qualities, and the ablative external 
ones, is not sufficiently exact. In the phrase hortatur ut bono 
animo sint, he urges them to be of good courage, the quality is in- 
ternal : yet the genitive could not here be used ; for while the quality 
is internal it is transitory. The theoretical distinction between the 
Genitive of Quality and the Ablative of Quality is that the genitive 
denotes permanent, the ablative transitory qualities. Yet where 
ambiguity would not result the ablative may be used to denote a 
permanent quality. Thus one may say vir summae virtutis or 
summa virtute, a man of the highest character. 

In all numerical designations of weight, dimension, etc., the 
genitive is used. 

VOCABULARY. 



better (adv.), melius. 

break (of camp), moveo, ere, 
movi, motus. 

complexion, color, oris, m. 

confusion, tumultus, us, m. 

frame, corpus, oris, n. ; liter- 
ally, body. 



huge, ingens, entis. 
interval, intervallum, I, n. 
lead back, reduco, ere, duxi, 

ductus. 
light (fair), albus, a, um. 
loss, damnum, 1, n. 
nearer (adv.), propius. 



The Ablative. 57 



noise, strepitus, us, m. 
perceive, sentio, ire, sensi, 
sensus. 



previously, antea. 
strength, vires, virium, f. 



EXERCISE. 

1. Caesar led his troops back to camp with the loss 
of three cohorts. 2. They broke camp with the 
greatest noise and confusion. 3. Ten days previously 
he had crossed this river with all his troops. 4 These 
men were of the greatest bravery and steadfastness. 
5. Caesar followed the Helvetii with four legions at a 
great interval. 6. The nearer you are a to the enemy, 
the better you perceive their strength. 7. The Ger- 
mans were of huge frames. 2 They had light com- 
plexions 3 and blue eyes. 8. You will set out with all 
your followers. 9. Soldiers who are of good courage 
will resist the enemy bravely. 10. He is a man of the 
greatest uprightness. 11. Two days afterwards he 
returned with his troops to Aquileia in Hither Gaul. 4 
12. These thwarts were two inches thicker. 13. A 
council of all the Gallic tribes was appointed for 5 a 
fixed day with Caesar's permission. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. In the Latin this idea is expressed by means of absum, 
followed by ab with the ablative; literally, the nearer you are 
distant from the enemy. 

2. huge frames : use the singular. 

3. had, light complexions : translate, ivere of light complexion. 

4. to Aquileia in Hither Gaul: see Lesson VII, Example 8. 

5. for: in. 



LESSON XTX. 

THE ABLATIVE {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Ablative of Price. 225 entire ; A. & G. 416, 417 and c 
H. 478. 

2. Ablative of Specification. 226 entire; A. & G. 418 
H. 480. 

3. Ablative Absolute. 227. 1, 2 ; A. & G. 419 and a, 420 
H. 489 and 1. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. haec omnia signa sestertium sex milibus vendita sunt, 
all these statues were sold for six thousand sesterces. 

2. quanti has aedes emisti ? minimo, ' at what price did 
you buy this house ? ' ''Very cheap." 1 

3. hi agri magno veneunt, these lands sell for a high price, 

4. illi agri pluris venierunt, those lands sold for more. 

5. Helvetii reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, the Helvetii 
surpass the other Gauls in valor. 

6. tu temporibus errasti, you made a mistake as to the time. 

7. Ennius, ingenio maximus, arte rudis, Ennius, greatest 
in genius, but clumsy in art. 

8. omnes exsilio aut mortedignos judicavit, he judged all 
worthy of death or exile. 

9. num hominem major em natu contemnis, do you scorn an 
older man f 

10. M. Messalla M. Pisone consulibus, in the consulship of 
Marcus Messalla and Marcus Piso. 

58 



The Ablative. 



59 



11. me judice, in my judgment, lit. I being judge. 

12. libidine dominante nullus locus est temperantiae, if 
lust is master, there is no place for self-control. 

13. perditis omnibus rebus virtus se sustentare potest, 
though everything is lost, yet Virtue can maintain herself 



Remarks. 

1. Observe that in Latin the Ablative Absolute largely occurs 
where in English we employ subordinate clauses. Of the various 
kinds of clauses thus occurring, temporal clauses are by far the 
most frequent. 

VOCABULARY. 



across, trans, prep, with ace. 
alive, vivus, a, urn. 
blame, culpa, ae, f. 
buy, emo, ere, emi, emptus. 
character, mores, um, m. 
district, regio, onis, f. 
horse, equus, I, m. 
lay waste, vast 6, 1. 
learn, comperio, Ire, peri, 
pertus. 



put to confusion, perturbo, 1. 

quaestor, quaestor, oris, m. 

sesterce, sestertius, I, m., a 
Roman coin worth about five 
cents; gen. plu. sestertium. 

talent, talentum, i, n. 

unworthy, indignus, a, um. 

worthy, dignus, a, um. 



EXERCISE. 

1. Having laid waste these districts 1 he led his 
army back across the Ehine. 2. We bought these 
weapons at a very high price. 2 3. When he had 
learned these things/ 3 he informed all the tribunes 
concerning his plans. 4. The quaestor sold the booty 
for ten talents. 5. W T ho will consider Bumnorix 
worthy of blame ? 6. We bought this horse for 



60 Latin Composition. 

three thousand sesterces. 7. Having made an at- 
tack, the enemy quickly put our soldiers to confusion. 

8. You shall not lack assistance, while I am alive. 

9. Are those worthy of honor who have shown them- 
selves unworthy of confidence ? 10. When the 
camp had been fortified he drew up his line of battle. 
11. In the consulship of Gnaeus Pompey and Marcus 
Crassus, a great multitude of Germans crossed the 
Rhine. 12. This centurion surpassed the rest in 
bravery. 13. These two men are very similar in 
appearance and character. 14. For how much 4 did 
you sell these lands ? 15. Having occupied this 
town, he stationed a garrison there. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. Use the Ablative Absolute in translating this and similar 
phrases. 

2. at a very high price : express by a single word. Compare 
Examples 2, 3. 

3. Translate this and other subordinate clauses in this exercise 
by the Ablative Absolute. 

4. for how much : see Example 2. 



LESSON XX. 

THE ABLATIVE (continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Ablative of Place Where. 228 entire; A. & G. 426. 3, 
427. 3, 429. 1,2; H. 483 ; 485. 2. 

2. The Locative Case. 232. 1, 2; 169. 4; A. & G. 427. 3 
and a; 282. d\ H. 483; 484. 1, 2; 483. 2. 

3. Ablative of Place from Which. 229 entire ; A. & G. 426. 
1, 427. 1, 428. a,b', H. 461, 462 and 3, 4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. in urbe, in the city. 

2. in Graecia, in Greece. 

3. Carthagine, at Carthage. 

4. Athenis, at Athens. 

5. Curibus, at Cures. 

6. Tarquiniis, at Tarquinii. 

7. his locis, in these places. 

8. tota provincia, in the whole province. 

9. ruii, in the country. 

10. terra marique, on land and sea. 

11. Romae, at Borne. 

12. Corinthi, at Corinth. 

13. Rhodl, at Rhodes. 

14. domi, at home. 

15. huml, on the ground. 

16. Antiochiae, celebri quondam urbe, at Antioch, once a 
famous city. 

61 



62 



Latin Composition, 



17. Albae, in urbe opportuna, at Alba, a convenient city, 

18. ex provincia rediit, he returned from the province. 

19. ex Syria decessit, he withdrew from Syria. 

20. Athenls profectus est, he set out from Athens. 

21. domo fugientes, fleeing from home. 

22. Teanum abest a Larino xviii milia passuum, Teanum 
is eighteen miles distant from Larinum. 

23. a Gergovia decessit, he withdrew from the neighborhood 
of Gergovia. 

24. Tusculo, ex clarissimo oppido, from Tusculum, a most 
famous town. 

VOCABULARY. 



Britain, Britannia, ae, f. 
country, rus, ruris, n. 
distant, be distant, absum, 

esse, afui, afuturus. 
drive away, drive out, expello, 

ere, pull, pulsus. 
happen, fio, fieri, f actus sum. 
home, domus, us, f. 
hurry, contends, ere, tendi, 

tentum. 



lead away, deduco, ere, duxi, 

ductus. 
on all sides, from all sides, 

undique. 
pitch (a camp), pono, ere, 

posui, positus. 
sixty, sexaginta. 
transport, transports, 1. 
vessel, navis, is, f. 
withdraw, decedS, ere, cessi, 

cessurus. 



EXERCISE. 

1. Crassus had pitched his camp in Aquitania. 
2. Many brave men were summoned from Toulouse 
and Narbo. 3. Vercingetorix was driven out of 
Gergovia, a town of the Arverni. 4. We came first 
to Vesontio; from Vesontio we set out for Alesia. 

5. We shall hurry from Alesia into Aquitania. 

6. The Belgians assembled on all sides from the 



The Ablative. 63 

country to Bibracte. 7. Caesar hurried from Aqui- 
leia, a town of the Veneti, into Gaul. 8. These 
things happened at Octodurus, a village of the Vera- 
gri. 9. This father drove his son away from home. 
10. We remained three days at Bibracte. 11. Apollo 
and Diana were born at Delos. 12. Caesar trans- 
ported his troops by vessels from Gaul to Britain. 

13. This town is sixty miles distant from Toulouse. 

14. The Germans live in villages. 15. We withdrew 
to the neighborhood of Geneva. 16. When will you 
be at home ? 

Liscus Informs Caesar of Dumnorix's Influence. 

Dumnorix, Caesar, is not only hostile to all the 
Romans, but he hates you especially. For by your 
arrival he has lost a large share of the power which 
he used to possess. 1 But he still has very great influ- 
ence, 2 and is the leader of a powerful party, which 
holds him in the highest honor. His friends would 
eagerly avenge 3 his punishment. Therefore, in my 
judgment, you must spare him. 4 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. used to possess : express by the imperfect tense of the word 
for possess. 

2. has very great influence : translate : avails very much in 
influence. 

3. would avenge : use the present subjunctive. 

4. you must spare him : see Lesson IX, Remark 2. 



LESSON XXI. 

ABLATIVE {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Ablative of Time at Which. 230. 1-3 ; A. & G. 423 and 
1 ; H. 486. 

2. Ablative of Time within Which. 231 ; A. & G. 423, 
424. a; H. 487 and 1. 

3. Roman Dates. 371, 372 ; A. & G. 631 ; H. 754 ; 755. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Castoris aedes eodem anno Idibus Qumtilibus dedicata 
est, the temple of Castor teas dedicated in the same year, on the 
Ides of July. 

2. vota erat Latino bello, it had been vowed in the Latin 
War. 

3. has orationes Ludis scripsi, / wrote these speeches at the 
time of the Games. 

4. eorum adventu equos Germanis distribnit, at their arri- 
val he distributed horses among the Germans. 

5. in bello, in time of war. 

6. primo bello Piinico, in the First Punic War. 

7. tribus horls Romam venietis, within three hours you will 
come to Borne. 

8. paucis diebns revertar, / shall return within a few days. 

9. in sex mensibus promissa sunt ducenta talenta, in six 
months two hundred talents were promised. 

10. bis in die, twice a day. 

64 



The Ablative. 



65 



11. quadriduo mors Rosci Chrysogono nuntiatur, within 
four days Boscius^s death was reported to Chrysogonus. 

12. ante diem octavum Idus Novembres, on the 6th of 
November, lit. on the eighth day before the Ides (strictly the 
seventh day before the Ides, which were the 13th). 

Remarks. 

1. Observe that words not primarily denoting a period of time, 
as pax, peace, bellum, war, commonly require the preposition in 
to denote time at which, unless they are accompanied by a modifier 
(adjective, demonstrative, or genitive) . Thus in bello, in war, but 
primo bello Punico, in the First Punic War. 

2. In bello, in war, is to be distinguished in meaning and use 
from belli. The former phrase is essentially temporal in mean- 
ing, — in time of war, while belli is rather local, and means in the 
field ; it occurs almost exclusively in combination with domi, at 
home, as domi bellique, at home and, in the field. 

3. To denote time ivithin which, in the course of which, the prepo- 
sition in is almost invariably employed when the clause contains a 
distributive numeral (bis, bini; ter, terni) or saepe. 

4. Biduo, tridu5, quadriduo, and biennio, triennio, quadri- 
enni5, are regularly used instead of duobus diebus, duobus 
annis, etc. Compare Lesson VII, Remark 4. 

VOCABULARY. 



arrive, pervenio, ire, vem, 

ventum. 
choose, elect, creo, 1. 
consecrate, consecro, 1. 
consul, consul, is, m. 
dedicate, dedico, 1. 
election, comitia, orum, n. 
Ides, Idus, uum, f. 
Kalends, Kalendae, arum, f. 



March, of March, Martius, a, 

um. 
Nones, Nonae, arum, f. 
recollection, memoria, ae, f. 
spot, locus, I, m. 
time, tempus, oris, n. 
twice, bis. 
watch, vigilia, ae, f. 



66 Latin Composition. 

EXERCISE. 

1. The Druids assemble in a consecrated spot at a 
fixed time of the year. 2. This happened within the 
recollection of your fathers. 3. He returned home 
March 11th, in the consulship of Gnaeus Pompey 
and Marcus Crassus. 4. This temple was dedicated 
April 20th. 5. At this election Julius Caesar and 
Marcus Bibulus were chosen consuls. 6. Within a 
few months Caesar set out for 1 Gaul and arrived in 
the neighborhood of Geneva in seven days. 7. At 
that time the Helvetii were threatening Gaul. 

8. April 5th they sent ambassadors to Caesar. 

9. Caesar ordered these envoys to return April 13th. 

10. This centurion died last month in Britain. 11. He 
will set out from this camp in the third watch. 

12. Twice a month he used 2 to send letters to Eome. 

13. I received your letter March 1st. 14. Within a 
few hours we shall return home. 15. These two men 
died the same year. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. for: use in with the accusative. 

2. used to send : express by employing the imperfect tense. 



LESSON XXII. 

SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Adjectives used Substantively. 236-238 ; A. & G. 288 
and a, b ; 289. a 9 b; H. 494, 495. 

2. Adjectives with the Force of Adverbs. 239 ; A. & G. 
290 ; H. 497 and 1. 

3. Special Uses of the Comparative and Superlative. 240. 
1-4 ; A. & G. 291. a, b ; 292 ; H. 498 ; 499. 

4. Adjectives denoting a Special Part of an Object. 241. 
1 ; A. & G. 293 ; H. 497. 4. 

5. Primus = first who; ultimus = last who; etc. 241. 2; 
A. &G. 290; H. 497. 3. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. secedant improbi, secernant se a bonis, let the bad with- 
draw, let them separate themselves from the good. 

2. omnes stulti, all the foolish. 

3. omnia, all things. 1 

4. Caesar suos castris tenuit, Caesar kept his men in camp. 

5. homo doctus, a scholar. 

6. honestum, virtue. 

7. aliquid novi, something nev^ 2, some news. 

8. laeti decedunt, they gladly withdraw. 

9. sublimis raptus est, he was snatched up on high. 

10. Vespasianus pecuniae avidior fuit, Vespqsian was too 
eager for money. 

67 



68 Latin Composition. 

11. ejus auctoritas vel maxima erat, his authority was the 
very greatest. 

12. contio fuit verior quam gratior, the speech was more true 
than it was acceptable. 

13. extrema hieme, in the latter part of winter. 

14. summus mons, the top of the mountain. 

15. Cicero primus philosophiam e Graecia in Latium tra- 
duxit, Cicero was the first to transplant philosophy from Greece 
to Latium. 

16. hanc urbem primam adii, this was the first city that 1 

visited. 

Notes on the Examples. 

1) In other cases than the nominative and accusative this idea 
is best expressed by means of res, e.g. omnium rerum, of all 
things ; omnibus rebus, by all things. Omnium, omnibus, 
parvorum, parvis, and similar forms would be ambiguous in 
gender. 

2) Lit. something of new, — Genitive of the Whole. 

VOCABULARY. 



assault, oppugnatio, onis, f. 
carry (in), infero, ferre, 

intuli, illatus. 
desirous, avidus, a, um. 
fortification, munitio, onis, f. 
march out, egredior, I, 

gressus. 
numbers (in great numbers), 

frequens, entis. 



only, tantum. 
poor, pauper, eris. 
speech, oratio, onis, f. 
surrender, trado, ere, didi, 

ditus. 
unwilling, invitus, a, um. 
within, intra, prep, with ace. 
wounded, saucius, a, um. 



EXERCISE. 

1. This speech was regarded by all as rather arro- 
gant. 2. These poor men are desirous of many things. 
3. The wounded were carried within the fortifications 
by their comrades. 4. We have heard only a few 



Syntax of Adjectives. 69 

things concerning this assault. 5. Eoman soldiers 
often went eagerly into the very greatest dangers. 
6. What news have these messengers brought from 
Britain ? 7. Our men marched out from camp and 
carried with them 1 all their belongings. 2 8. The 
Gauls unwillingly surrendered themselves to the 
Eoman commander. 9. The women and children 
assembled in great numbers on the wall of this town. 
10. You were the last (persons) I saw. 11. At the 
end of winter Caesar led his men out of winter quarters. 
12. He had already filled the middle of the hill with 
light-armed troops. 13. At the foot of the mountain 
he stationed the infantry and cavalry. 14. After 
this battle the Helvetii were in need of all things. 
15. The rich often forget the poor. 

Organization and Size of a Roman Legion. 
At this time there were in a Eoman legion ten 
cohorts. In each cohort were three maniples, and in 
each maniple two centuries. In an entire legion, 
therefore, there were thirty maniples and sixty 
centuries. Thus 3 in a full legion there were six 
thousand soldiers. But a legion was seldom so 
large. Usually it was much smaller. 4 The legions 
of Caesar's army, as it seems, did not of ten contain 5 
more than three thousand six hundred 6 (men). 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. with them : use the reflexive. 

2. their belongings: in Latin: their (things), neuter plural of 



70 Latin Composition. 

3. thus: itaque. 

4. much smaller : translate: smaller by much. 

5. did not contain : use expleo, ere, evi, etus, literally, fill 
out. 

6. more than three thousand six hundred: see Lesson XVI, 
Example 5. 



LESSON XXIII. 

PRONOUNS. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Personal Pronouns. 242.1,2,4; A. & G. 295. a, &; H. 
500 and 4. 

2. Reflexive Pronouns. 244 entire ; A. & G. 299 and a, 300. 
1, 2, 301. a, b-, H. 503 and 3, 4 ; 504. 

3. Reciprocal Pronouns. 245; A. & G. 301./; H. 502. 1. 

4. Hie, We, tste. 246. 1-5 ; A. & G. 297. a-c ; 296. a ; H. 
505 and 1 ; 506. 1 ; 507 and 3, 4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. quis vestrum, v:ho of yo u? 

2. dux memor vestri, a leader mindful of you. 

3. fortuna omnium nostrum, the fortunes of us all, 

4. se diligit, he loves himself 

5. Alexander Clitum familiarem suum interemit, Alexander 
killed Clitus, his oion comrade. 

6. Metellus legatis persuadet ut Jugurtham sibi 1 trade- 
rent, Metellus persuaded the envoys to hand over Jugurtha to 
him. 

7. me misit ut haec nuntiem suae 1 uxori, he has sent me to 
announce these things to his icife. 

8. suum cuique tribuendum est, to each must be assigned 
his own. 

9. nos nostraque defendimus, we defend ourselves and our 
possessions. 

71 



72 



Latin Composition. 



10. inter nos colloquimur, we converse with each other. 

11. pueri amant inter se, the boys love each other. 

12. controversies inter se milites habuerunt, the soldiers 
had disputes with each other. 

13. hoc in tua, illud in deorum manu est, the latter is in 
your power, the former in that of the gods. 

14. Themistocles his verbis epistulam misit, Themistocles 
sent a letter (couched) in the following words. 

15. haec 2 mea culpa est, this is my fault. 

Notes on the Examples. 

1) Sibi and suae illustrate the use of the indirect reflexive. 

2) Haec is here attracted from hoc to the gender of the predi- 
cate noun; such attraction of the pronoun is the rule in Latin. 

Remarks. 

1. Sui is regularly employed like mei and tui as an Objective 
Genitive. To indicate the whole of which a part is taken the Latin 
may use either ex se, ex suis, or suorum, e.g. mult5s ex se or 
multos suorum miserunt, they sent many of their own number. 

2. Observe that in such expressions as inter se amant, they 
love each other, no direct object is expressed. 



VOCABULARY. 



barbarians, barbari, orum, m. 
congratulate, gratulor, 1 ; 

governs the dative, 
difficult, difficilis, e. 
desire, libido, inis, f. 
distribute, distribuo, ere, ui, 

utus. 
easy, facilis, e. 
either, either one (of two), 

utervis, utravis, utrumvis. 



free, libero, 1. 

honor, honoro, 1. 

indulge, indulged, ere, dulsi, 

dulturus. 
love, am 5, 1. 
mindful, memor, oris. 
safety, salus, utis, f. 
seek, peto, ere, Ivi or ii, Itus. 
welcome, gratus, a, um. 



Pronouns. 73 

EXERCISE. 

1. The latter plan is easy, the former (is) difficult. 
2. Why do you envy each other ? l 3. This is the 
glory which we have long sought. 4. These barba- 
rians were congratulating each other. 5. They dis- 
tributed those provinces among themselves. 6. Why 
have you not freed yourselves from the power 2 of 
Ariovistus? 7. They indulged themselves and all 
their desires. 8. The Romans lost forty of their 
number 3 in this battle. 9. Have you been mindful 
of me ? No. I have forgotten you. 10. Is not the 
safety of you all dearer to me than life ? 11. Who 
of you has seen these deserters ? 12. Your longing 
for us is very welcome to my brother and me. 

13. He is loved and honored by his own friends. 

14. I have much less strength than either one of you. 

15. The chiefs of these tribes gave each other an 
oath. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. Compare Example 10. 

2. power: use imperium, i, n. 

3. See Remark 1. 



LESSON XXIV. 

PRONOUNS {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Is. 247. 1-4; A. & G. 297. d\ H. 508 and 1, 2, 4. 

2. Idem. 248. 1, 2; A. & G. 298. b\ 384. N. 2; H. 508. 
3,5. 

3. Ipse. 249. 1, 2; A. & G. 298. c and N. 1, /; H. 509. 
1,3. 

4. Quis (Indefinite). 252. 1 ; A. & G. 310 ; H. 512 and 1. 

5. Aliquis. 252. 2 ; A. & G. 311 ; H. 512. 

6. Quidam. 252. 3 and a ; A. & G. 310 ; H. 512. 6. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. in eis urbibus quae ad se : defecerant praesidia imponit, 

he puts garrisons in those cities which had deserted to him. 

2. Metellus, is qui multos deterruit, Metellus, he who de- 
terred many. 

3. moram sperarunt, id quod assecuti sunt, they hoped for 
delay, a thing which they attained. 

4. num earn vidisti, you didn't see her, did you ? 

5. noillae me fabulae delectant nisi Plauti, no plays delight 
me except those of Plautus. 

6. exempla quaerimus et ea recentia, we are seeking prece- 
dents and that, too, recent ones. 

7. nihil est liberale quod non idem jiistum, nothing is noble 
which is not likewise just. 

8. ego idem sentio quod 2 tii, / think the same as you. 

9. ipsa spes eos sustentabat, hope alone supported them. 

74 



Pronouns. 



75 



10. a multis ipsa virtus contemnitur, by many even virtue 
is scorned. 

11. ipsae defluebant coronae, the garlands fell dotvn of their 
own accord. 

12. se ipse continere non potest, he cannot contain himself. 

13. si quid in te peccavi, ignosce, if I have done you any 
injury, forgive me. 

14. mulier quaedam, a certain woman. 

15. timiditate quadam, with a sort of shrinking. 

16. aliquid divinum, something divine. 

17. aliquis dicet, some one ivill say. 

Notes on the Examples. 

1) Se illustrates the indirect reflexive. 

2) The English ' same as ' is regularly expressed in Latin by 
idem qui, less frequently by idem ac (atque). 



VOCABULARY. 



defeat, supero, 1. 

deliver (a speech), habeo, ere, 

ui, itus. 
depend, nitor. i, nisus or 

nixus ; governs the ablative, 
elevated, excelsus, a, um. 
exploits, res gestae, rerum 

gestarum, f. 
fear, metuo, ere, ui. 



hope for, spero, 1 ; governs 

the accusative, 
immortality, immortalitas, 

atis, f. 
lofty, altus, a, um. 
weak, debilis, e. 
where (relative), ubi. 
word, verbum, l, n. 



EXERCISE. 

1. We saw the very spot where Caesar defeated and 
routed the Helvetii. 2. The barbarians have in- 
jured this bridge, a thing which we greatly feared. 



76 Latin Composition. 

3. Some one will write a letter concerning the same 
exploits and send it to the city. 4. Certain persons 
had previously been informed concerning these things. 
5. We set out from the borders of Gaul with one 
legion, and that too a weak (one). 6. Do you praise 
your own selves ? 7. Why do you envy them ? 

8. Is anything more praiseworthy than steadfastness ? 

9. Did you not admire their bravery? 10. Virtue has 
in itself something lofty and elevated. 11. (There) 
dwells in all a certain longing and hope for immor- 
tality. 12. The Roman soldiers depended merely 
upon valor. 2 13. We hoped for the same things as 
you (did). 14. If any one shall see you here, he will 
admire your bravery. 15. He has delivered a speech 
in almost the same words as I used myself. 16. The 
town itself was on the top of a hill. 

The Auxiliary Troops. 

Besides the legionary soldiers, who were all Roman 
citizens and were heavily armed, 3 there were also horse- 
men in the Roman army. The allies furnished these. 
In addition there were 4 many light-armed soldiers, 5 
among these, archers and slingers. These auxiliaries 
for the most part retained their own weapons and 
modes of fighting, but they were organized 6 into co- 
horts after the Roman custom. 7 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. their : this is not reflexive. Use the genitive of is. 

2. merely upon valor : translate : upon valor itself. 



Pronoujis. 77 

3. heavily armed : translate: of heavy armament. 

4. in addition there ivere : translate: (there) were added. 

5. light-armed soldiers: translate: soldiers of light armament. 

6. organized: use distribu5, ere, ui, utus; literally, dis- 
tribute. 

7. after the Roman custom : Ablative of Accordance. 



LESSON XXV. 

PRONOUNS {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Quisquam. 252. 4; A. & G. 312 ; H. 513. 

2. Quisque. 252. 5; A. & G. 313 and a; H. 515, 

3. Nemo. 252. 6 ; A. & G. 314. 1, 2. 

4 . Alius, Alter. 253. 1-3; A. & G. 315 and c, H. 516 
and 1. 

5. Ceteri. 253. 4; A. & G. 315. 

6. Reliqui. 253. 5 ; A. & G. 315. 

7. Nescio quis. 253. 6; A. & G. 575. d', H. 512. 7. 

8. Uterque. 355. 2 ; A. & G. 313 ; H. 516. 4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. non eguit consilio cujusquam, he did not need the advice 
of any one. 

2. neque quicquam est optatius, nor is anything more de- 
sirable. 

3. si quicquam fieri potest, if anything can be done. 

4. pecunia semper a clarissimo quoque contempta est, 
money has ever been despised by all the most distinguished men, 
lit. by each most distinguished man. 

5. tertio quoque verbo, at every other word. 

6. nemo bonus, no good man. 

7. neminem probat, he approves no one. 

8. tribunum alii gladiis adoriuntur, alii fustibus, some at- 
tack the tribune with swords, others with clubs. 

9. alter absolutus est, alter se ipse condemnavit, the one 
was acquitted, the other condemned himself. 

78 



Pronouns. 



79 



10. alius in alia re est magis utilis, one person is more 
useful in one thing, another in another. 

11. ceteri Siculi ultorem suarum injur iarum invenerunt, the 
rest of the Sicilians found an avenger of their wrongs. 

12. fecerunt idem reliqui, the rest did the same. 

13. reliqua attendite, listen to the remainder. 

14. nescio quo pacto, somehow or other. 

15. excogitavit nescio quid, he thought out something or 
other. 

16. apud poetam nescio quern, in some poet or other. 

17. utraque castra bene munita sunt, both camps were well 
fortified. 

18. uterque horum, each of these. 



Remarks. 

1. Aliquis, as well as quisquam, is used in negative sentences, 
though much less frequently, and with its regular force of some 
one. Thus non eget consilio alicujus means : he does not need 
the advice of some one, i.e. some individual. This sentence is the 
negation of eget consilid alicujus, he needs the advice of some 
individual. Non eget consilio cujusquam, on the other hand, 
constitutes a more general denial, — he does not need the advice of 
anybody {at all). 

VOCABULARY. 



blame, culpo, 1. 

both, uterque, utraque, 
utrumque. 

each, quisque, quaeque, 
quicque ; each (of two), 
uterque, utraque, utrum- 
que. 

guard, custos, odis, c. 

jump down, desilio, ire, ui. 

knowledge, scientia, ae, f. 

no (with adjectives used sub- 



stantively), nemo, defec- 
tive ; dat. nemini, ace. 
neminem. 

not even, ne . . . quidem, 
with the emphatic word 
placed between. 

opportunity, facultas, atis, f. 

pass, passes, angustiae, arum, f. 
| rashness, temeritas, atis, f. 

seamanship, res nauticae, re- 
! rum nauticarum, f. 



80 Latin Composition. 

EXERCISE. 

1. Both these passes had already been seized by the 
enemy a little (while) before. 2. On account of the 
rashness of the enemy Labienus hoped for some 
opportunity of battle. 3. We asked each of these 
(two) captives concerning the plans of the enemy. 
4. Both 1 answered briefly. 2 5. This tribe surpassed 
the rest of the Gauls in knowledge of seamanship. 
6. The remainder of the booty was left in the other 
camp. 7. He was eager for another 3 opportunity. 
8. Not even at that 4 time did any one withdraw from 
his post. 9. He called to him 5 the chieftains of each 
tribe. 10. Some blamed Caesar's acts, others praised 
(them). 11. He will place a guard over both of you. 
12. The soldiers jumped down into the water, some 
from one vessel, others from another. 13. No good 
man will ever defend you. 14. In one place he saw 
our men surrounded by the enemy, in another already 
put to flight. 15. Somehow or other we saw no one 
outside the fortifications. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. Both : use the singular-of uterque. 

2. answered briefly : translate: answered a few {things). 

3. The genitive of alius is alterius. 

4. that : this is the emphatic word ; its Latin equivalent should 
stand between ne and quidem. 

5. him : this is reflexive. 



LESSON XXVI. 

TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. The Present. 259. 1-4 ; A. & G. 465, 466, 467, 469 ; H. 
532 and 1, 2, 3; 533. 1; 530. 

2. The Imperfect. 260. 1-4 ; A. & G. 470, 471. a-c ; H. 
534 and 1, 2, 3; 535. 1; 530. 

3. The Future. 261. 1,2; A. & G. 472 and b ; H. 536. 

4 . The Perfect. 262. A and B ; A. & G. 473, 476 ; H. 537. 
1, 2, 4. 

5. The Pluperfect 263; A. & G. 477; H. 539. 

6. The Future Perfect. 264 and a ; A. & G. 478 ; H. 540 
and 2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. dum vitant vitia, in contraria currunt, while they try to 
avoid (some) faults, they rush into opposite ones. 

2. te jam diidum hortor, I have long been urging you. 

3. Saturnalibus munera dividebat, at the Saturnalia he 
used to distribute presents. 

4. multitudo terrebat eum clamore, the crowd tried to 
frighten him by shouting. 

5. jam diidum flebam, 1 had already long been weeping. 

6. legatos interrogabat, he kept asking the envoys. 

7. Graeci hanc urbem turn tenebant, the Greeks were at 
that time holding this city. 

8. multas C. Caesaris virtutes cognovi, / am acquainted 
vrith many virtues of Gams Caesar. 

81 



82 



Latin Composition. 



9. quern ad modum consueverunt, as they are accustomed. 
10. scribam epistulam, cum redieris, / will write the letter 
when you have returned. 



VOCABULARY. 



accustomed, be accustomed, 

perfect tenses of consuesco, 

ere, suevi, suetus. 
consult for, consulo, ere, 

suluT, consultus ; with the 

dative, 
hold, teneo, ere, m. 
institution, Institutum, I, n. 
language, lingua, ae, f. 
little, paulum (I), n. 



long time, diu. 

look down, despicio, ere, 

spexi, spectus. 
low, humilis, e. 
means, resources, plu. of fa- 

cultas, atis, f. 
not yet, nondum. 
rule, imperium, I, n. 
sea, mare, is, n. 
unjust, injustus, a, um. 



EXERCISE. 

1. He made the vessels a little lower 1 than (those) 
which we are accustomed to use on our sea. 2. This 
lieutenant always used to consult for the safety of his 
troops. 3. We were at that time holding the top of 
the hill and looking down into the valley. 4. We 
do not yet know the customs, institutions, and lan- 
guages of all these tribes. 5. We had already for 
a long time been reminding you of these dangers. 

6. Why did you not keep performing your duty ? 

7. He will be writing me a letter when you come to 
Kome. 8. Twice a year 2 these tribes assembled at a 
common council. 3 9. The deienders of this town 
tried to keep our men away from the wall and gate. 



Tenses of the Indicative. 83 

10. Among the Belgians the regal power nsed to be 
seized by those who had large means. 11. These 
men have already for a long time been complaining 
of the unjust rule of the Roman people. 12. The 
Romans were not acquainted with the harbors of those 
districts where they were about to wage war. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. a little lower : i.e. lower by a little. 

2. twice a year : see Lesson XXI, Example 10. 

3. at a common council : in Latin, to a common council. 



LESSON XXVII. 

HORTATORY, JUSSIVE, PROHIBITIVE, DELIBERATIVE, AND 
CONCESSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Hortatory Subjunctive. 274; A. & G. 439; H. 559. 1. 

2. Jussive Subjunctive. 275; A. & G. 439; H. 559. 2. 

3. Prohibitions. 276 and c ; A. & G. 450 ; H. 561. 1, 2. 

4. Deliberative Subjunctive. 277 and a ; A. & G. 444 ; H. 
559. 4. 

5. Concessive Subjunctive. 278 ; A. & G. 440 ; H. 559. 3. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. fastidium arrogantiamque fugiamus, let us avoid pride 
and arrogance. 

2. ne difficilia optemus, let us not wish for what is difficult. 

3. suum quisque noscat ingenium, let each one learn his 
own natural ability. 

4. ceteros pudeat, let the others be ashamed. 

5. ne attingant rem publicam, let them not touch the state ! 

6. noli haec putare, do not think this ! 

7. nolite, judices, hunc hominem condemnare, do not con- 
demn this man, judges. 

8. quid faciam, what am I to do ! 

9. quid facer em, what teas I to do ! 

10. C. Cornelium non defenderem, was I not to defend Qaius 
Cornelius? 

11. me autem quid pudeat, but why should I be ashamed I 

84 



The Subjunctive. 



85 



12, sit hoc verum, granted that this is true. 
18. ne sit summum malum dolor, malum certe est, granting 
that pain is not the greatest evil, at any rate it is an evil. 

Remarks. 

1. Observe that ne with the 2d singular present or perfect sub- 
junctive is an unusual form of expressing a prohibition in prose, 
and one not to be imitated in the writing of Latin. See 276, a, b. 

2. Cave, cave ne, with the subjunctive are likewise infrequent 
in standard prose. Fac ne is colloquial only. 



VOCABULARY. 



avenge, ulciscor, I, ultus. 
betray, prodo, ere, didi, ditus. 
deed, factum, l, n. 
deprive, privo, 1. 
eagle, aquila, ae, f. 
injurious, be injurious, noceo, 

ere, uT, iturus. 
know (be aware), scio, ire, 

1V1, itus. 



neglect, neglego, ere, lexi, 

lectus. 
once, at once, statim. 
right, rectus, a, um. 
think, regard, existimo, 1. 
victory, victoria, ae, f. 
while, dum. 
win, earn, mereo, ere, ui, itus. 



EXERCISE. 

1. Let them withdraw from this place, while there 
is opportunity, and betake themselves to the legion. 
2. Let us remember the brave deeds of our ancestors, 
and let ns avenge these wrongs. 3. Were we not to 
hold this hill and keep the enemy away from the 
camp ? 4. Do not deprive the soldiers of the prizes 
which they have won by their recent victories ! 5. Let 
him not think us unworthy of confidence ! 6. Why 
should we longer indulge this hope ? 7. How was I 



86 Latin Composition. 

to know that? 8. Why should I honor those who 
neglect what is right and honorable 1 ? 9. Do not, 
soldiers, do those things which 2 are injurious both 
to yourselves and to your country. 10. Let each one 
jump down from the vessel into the water ! Let no 
one 3 betray the eagle to the enemy! 11. Let them 
not neglect their own danger for the sake of our 
safety! 12. Let us withdraw at once to Vesontio 
and place the legions in winter quarters there ! 

Ariovistus Appears in Gaul. 

Ariovistus led a multitude of Germans across the 
Ehine and settled them on the lands of the Sequani. 
Afterwards other Germans came, until there were one 
hundred and twenty thousand (of them) in Gaul. The 
more 4 Germans came, the more 4 lands the Gauls were 
forced to relinquish. Ariovistus had already occu- 
pied a third 5 of the Sequanian territory, and was 
ordering the Sequani to relinquish a second 6 third, 
when the Gauls in a common council sought aid from 
Caesar. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. what is right and honorable : express by the neuter plural of 
the adjectives used substantively, — right and honorable {things). 

2. those things which : ea quae. 

3. no one: in the Volitive uses of the subjunctive, no one is 
expressed by ne quis. 

4. the (more) . . . the (more) : express by qu5 . . . eo. See 
Lesson XVIII, Example 11. 

5. third : use tertia pars. 

6. second : use alter, a, urn. 



LESSON XXVIII. 

THE OPTATIVE AND POTENTIAL SUBJUNCTIVE. THE 
IMPERATIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. The Optative Subjunctive. 279. 1,2; A. & G. 441, 442 ; 
H. 558 and 1, 2. 

2. The Potential Subjunctive. 280. 1, 2, 3; A. & G. 446, 
447. 1-3 ; H. 552, 555. 

3. The Imperative. 281 and 1 ; A. & G. 448, 449: H. 560 
and 4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. quod di omen avertant, may the gods avert this omen! 

2. utinamres publica stetisset, would that the republic had 
stood ! 

3. utinam, Quirites, virorum fortium copiam tantam 
haberetis, would, Romans, that you had so great an abun- 
dance of brave men ! 

4. quaerat quispiam, some one may ask. 

5. dixerit aliquis, some one may say. 

6. vix verisimile videatur, it would hardly seem likely. 

7. Ciceronem cuicumque Graecorum fortiter opposuerim, 
I should boldly match Cicero with any one of the Greeks. 

8. hoc sine villa dubitatione confirmaverim, this I should 
affirm without any hesitation. 

9. videres, one could see, you could have seen. 

10. in exsilium proficiscere, go forth into exile. 

11. rem vobis proponam : vos earn penditote, I will lay the 
matter before you : do you consider it. 



88 



Latin Composition. 



12. consules summum jus habento, let the consuls have 
supreme power. 

VOCABULARY. 



answer, make answer, respon- 
ded, ere, spondi, sponsus. 

bring upon, infero, ferre, 
intuli, Hiatus ; takes ace. of 
direct object, and dat. of 
indirect. 

build, struo, ere, struxi, 
structus. 

delay, moror, 1. 

disembark, e navi egredior, 
I, gressus ; literally, step out 
from the ship. 



easily, facile. 

inherit, receive, accipio, ere, 

cepi, ceptus. 
linger, moror, 1. 
remain vacant, vaco, 1. 
return, reditus, us, m. 
route, iter, itineris, n. 
short, brevis, e. 
space, spatium, I, n. 
storm, tempestas, atis, f. 
without, sine, prep, with abl. 



EXERCISE. 

1. The districts from which the Helvetii marched 
out shall not remain vacant ! 2. Would that storms 
had not delayed the return of the soldiers ! 3. With- 
out great hope of victory Caesar would not have dis- 
embarked. 4. Would that another route were left to 
us ! 5. May they not bring war on us or our allies ! 
6. No one would easily build so large a camp in a 
shorter space of time. 7. May we long enjo}^ these 
blessings. 8. No honest man would regard these 
soldiers (as) worthy of praise and honor. 9. May he 
return safe and sound from Geneva to Rome ! 
10. Make answer to all those things 1 which I shall 
ask you concerning this man. 11. Would that we 
had retained the excellent customs and strict discipline 



The Optative and Potential Subjunctive. 89 

which we inherited from our ancestors ! 12. Would 
that you had not lingered more than three days 2 in the 
neighborhood of Geneva! 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. to those things : ad ilia. 

2. more than three days : see Lesson XVI, Examples 5 and 6. 



LESSON XXIX. 

PURPOSE CLAUSES. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Purpose Clauses with ut, ne, quo. 282. 1. a-e ; A. & G. 
531. 1 and a; H. 568 and 7. 

2. Relative Clauses of Purpose. 282. 2; A. & G. 531. 2; 
H. 590. 

3. Relative Clauses with dlgnus, indlgnus, idbneus. 282. 
3; A. &G. 535./; H. 591. 7. 

4. Sequence of Tenses. 267. 1-3 ; 268. 1, 3 ; A. & G. 482. 
1, 2, 483, 485. «, e ; H. 543-546. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Lentulus in ea loca missus est, ut privatos agros coeme- 
ret, Lentulus was sent to those places to purchase private lands. 

2. pecuniam dedit ne condemnaretur, he gave money that 
he might not be condemned. 

3. portas clausit ne quam oppidani injuriam acciperent, he 
closed the gates, that the townspeople might not receive any 
injury. 

4. Pompejus portas obstruit, quo facilius impetum tarda- 
ret, 1 Pompey blocked the gates that he might the more easily 
impede the attach: 

5. ut non ejectus ad alienos sed invitatus ad tuos videaris, 
that you may seem not driven out among strangers but invited 
to your own friends. 

6. profugit, ne caperetur neve interficeretur, he fled that he 
might not be captured or killed. 

90 



Purpose Clauses. 



91 



7. creant decern praetores qui exercitui praeessent, 1 they 
appoint ten generals to command the army. 

8. digni sunt qui civitate donentur, they are worthy to be 
presented with citizenship. 

9. veni ut te certiorem facerem, 2 / have come to inform yon. 

Notes on the Examples. 

1) Note the secondary sequence after the historical present. 

2) Note the secondary sequence after the present perfect. 



Remarks. 

1. Note that the Latin uses ne quis, in order that no one ; ne 
quid, in order that nothing ; ne ullus, ne qui, in order that no ; 
similarly, ne usquam, ne quand5, ne unquam. 

2. Observe the occasional use of purpose clauses, as in English 
to denote the purpose with which a statement is made, as, ne 
timeas, incolumis est, that you may have no fears (I will say) 
he is safe. 

VOCABULARY. 



appoint, constituo, ere, ui, 

utus. 
complete, perficio. ere, feci, 

fectus. 
conduct, gero, ere, gessi, 

gestus. 
fit, idoneus, a, um. 
guard, custos, odis, c. 
happen, accido, ere, I. 



imitate, imitor, 1. 

lessen, minuo, ere, ui, utus. 

protect, tueor, eri. 

say, dico, ere, dixi, dictus. 

strong, validus, a, um. 

understand, intellego, ere, 

lexi, lectus. 
uprightly, honeste. 



EXERCISE. 

1. That the barbarians might better understand our 
commands, we sent envoys to them. 2. The bravery 



92 Latin Composition. 

of these soldiers is worthy of your imitation. 1 
3. That these dangers may be lessened, we are sta- 
tioning strong guards about the camp. 4. We re- 
mained at home that these things might not happen. 
5. I sent a letter to your friend, in order to inform 
him concerning your departure. 6. I have always 
conducted myself uprightly, that you might not judge 
me unworthy of confidence or deprive me of your 
friendship. 7. The commentaries of Caesar are suit- 
able for reading 2 by you all. 8. Caesar left Crassus 
(as) his lieutenant to complete these things. 9. I 
had this to say concerning the customs and institu- 
tions of the Gauls and Germans. 10. That the citi- 
zens may not fear, I have appointed guards to protect 
their lives and fortunes. 11. Labienus was a fit man 
for Caesar to place in charge of the winter quarters. 
12. That no one 3 might be absent, I sent letters to all. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. worthy of your imitation : i.e. Worthy for you to imitate. 

2. suitable for reading : i.e. suitable to be read. 

3. that no one : see Remark 1. 



LESSON XXX. 

CLAUSES OF CHARACTERISTIC. CLAUSES OF RESULT. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Simple Clauses of Characteristic. 283. 1, 2 ; A. & G. 
535 and a, b\ H. 591. 1, 5. 

2. Clauses of Characteristic denoting Cause (since) or Op- 
position {though). 283. 3; A. & G. 535. e; H. 592 and 1; 
593. 2. 

3. Clauses of Characteristic introduced by quln. 283. 4; 
A. & G. 559. 2 ; H. 594. II. 2, end, 595. 4. 

4. Idiomatic Expressions. 283. 5; A. & G. 535. d; H. 
591. 3. 

5. Clauses of Result introduced by ut and ut non. 284. 1 ; 
A. & G. 537 and 1; H. 570. — For Sequence of Tenses in 
Result Clauses, see 268. 6 ; A. & G. 485. c; H. 550. 

6. Relative Clauses of Result. 284. 2 ; A. & G. 537. 2 ; 
H. 591. 2. 

7. Result Clauses introduced by quln. 284. 3; A. & G. 
559. 1 ; H. 594. II. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. multi invent! sunt, qui summum malum dolorem dice- 
rent, many have been found who declared pain the greatest ill. 

2. quis est qui somniis pareat, who is there that heeds 
dreams ? 

3. sapientia est una quae maestitiam pellat, philosophy is 
the only thing that dispels sorroio. 

93 



94 



Latin Composition. 



4. 6 magna vis veritatis quae se ipsa defendat, oh the 
mighty power of truth, since it defends itself ! 

5. hie qui in collegio sacerdotum esset, tamen est condem- 
natus, this man, though he was in the college of priests, was 
nevertheless condemned. 

6. nulla natura est quin suam vim retineat, there's no 
nature that doesnH retain its native force. 

7. Epicurus se iinus, quod sciam, sapientem professus est, 
Epicurus alone, so far as I know, set up for a philosopher. 

8. multis vulneribus confectus est ut jam se sustinere non 
posset, he was exhausted with many wounds, so that he could 
hold out no longer. 

9. adeo plus virtute valuerunt ut decemplicem hostium 
numerum profligarint, they were so superior in prowess, that 
they routed ten times their number of the enemy. 

10. innocentia est affectio talis animi quae nemini noceat, 
innocence is such a quality of the mind as to harm no one. 

11. nemo est tarn fortis quin rei novitate perturbetur, no 
one is so steadfast as not to be confused by a strange occurrence, 
lit. by the strangeness of an occurrence. 



VOCABULARY. 



advantage, commodum, i, n. 
as not to, after so, such, etc., 

in a negative clause, quin. 
can, be able, possum, posse, 

potui. 
consternation, perturbatiS, 

onis, f. 
hinder, impediS, ire, Ivi or ii, 

Itus. 
night, nox, noctis, f. 



not know, nescio, ire, ivi or 

ii, itus. 
only, only one, only person, 

ftnus, a, um. 
so great, tantus, a, um. 
so many, tot. 
that, so that, ut ; that not, ut 

non. 
their, their own, suus, a, um. 
wreck (of vessels), frango, ere, 

fregT, fractus. 



Clauses of Characteristic. 95 

EXERCISE. 

1. There are no advantages which you do not enjoy. 
2. These men came in such numbers l that we could 
not keep them away. 3. There was no one who did 
not see both 2 of you. 4. You were the only (person) 
whom we judged suitable for our sons to imitate. 

5. These chiefs had so great wealth that they got 
possession of the regal power in their own states. 

6. Who is there who does not know all these things? 

7. There was no one of us who did not know (it). 

8. We were hindered by so many things that we did 
not return to camp before night. 9. You are the only 
one whom I judge worthy of regal power. 10. Who 
is so unjust as not to defend this man from cruelty ? 
11. There was no state so small that it did not send 
envoys to this council. 12. So many of Caesar's 
vessels were wrecked that there was great consterna- 
tion on the part of 3 the whole army. 

Ariovistus's Justification. 

I was called 4 from Germany by the Gauls, in order 
that I might lend them assistance and ward off from 
them the injuries of their enemies. Besides Caesar 
there is no one who blames my acts. The Sequani do 
not object to 5 my authority, but regard my rule (as) so 
mild and just that they willingly pay the tribute which 
they promised. Therefore let Caesar come to me ! I 
shall not go to him. For I have no army to which to 
commit 6 my safety. 



96 Latin Composition. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. in such numbers : use tarn frequens. 

2. both : see Lesson XXV. 

3. on the part of : express by the genitive case. 

4. called: use arcessS, ere, Ivi, Itus. 

5. object to : use recuso, 1; it is transitive. 

6. to ivhich to commit : use Relative Clause of Purpose. For 
commit, use committo, ere, misi, missus. 



LESSON XXXI. 

CAUSAL CLAUSES. TEMPOKAL CLAUSES. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Causal Clauses. 286. 1 and b; 286. 2; A. & G. 540. 
1,2; 549 ; H. 588. I, II, and 2 ; 598. 

2. Temporal Clauses introduced by postquam, ut, etc., de- 
noting a single act. 287. 1 ; A. & G. 543 ; H. 602. 

3. Clauses introduced by ut, ubi, simul ac, denoting a re- 
peated act. 287. 2 ; H. 602. 2. 

4. Pluperfect Indicative with postquam. 287. 3 ; H. 602. 1. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Gallia laudetur, quod se non tradidit, 1 let Gaul be praised 
because it did not surrender. 

2. laudatur provincia quod resistat 2 Antonio, the province 
is praised because it resists Antony. 

3. me accusas non quod tuis rationibus non assentiar sed 
quod nullis, ijou arraign me, not because I do not agree with 
your arguments, but because {I agree) vrith none. 

4. quae cum ita sint, since these things are so. 

5. postquam in Hispahiam venit magnas res gessit, after 
he arrived in Spain he performed great exploits. 

6. ut Hostius cecidit, R5mana inclinatur acies, when Hos- 
tius fell, the Boman line wavered. 

7. id ubi audivit, cupiditate incensus est, when he heard 
that, he was kindled with eagerness. 



98 



Latin Composition. 



8. simul ac te aspexi, hoc sensi, as soon as I set eyes on 
you I observed this. 

9. ut quisque Verris animum offenderat in lautumias coni- 
ciebatur, whenever anybody had offended Verres's feelings he 
was put in the stone-quarry. 

10. post diem tertium gesta res est, quam hoc dixerat, 3 the 
deed was done three days after he had said this. 

Notes on the Examples. 

1) The speaker's own reason, — hence the indicative. 

2) Not the reason of the writer, but of those who bestow the 
praise, — hence the subjunctive. 

3) Note the pluperfect indicative after a phrase denoting a 
definite interval of time (post diem tertium) . 



VOCABULARY. 



after, postquam. 

angry, be angry with, irascor, 

I ; with dat. 
as soon as, simul atque (ac). 
away, be away, absum, esse, 

ami, afuturus. 
because, quod. 
drive back, repello, ere, rep- 

puli, repulsus. 
eagerness, cupiditas, atis, f. 



else, alius, a, ud. 

furthest, superl. of longe, far. 

hasten, maturo, 1. 

inflame, incendo, ere, endi, 

ensus. 
javelin, jaculum, I, n. 
summon, voco, 1. 
ward off, depello, ere, pull, 

pulsus. 
when, as, ut, ubi. 



EXERCISE. 



1. After I had heard the words of these messengers, 
I hastened at once to return to the army. 2. The 
Belgians were the bravest because they were furthest 
away from our province. 3. As soon as they drew 



Causal Clauses. Temporal Clauses. 99 

near to the wall and gates of the town, they were 
driven back by stones and javelins. 4. Since we 
saw no one else whom we knew, we summoned you to 
us. 5. Caesar blamed Ariovistus because he had for- 
gotten all the favors of the Roman people. 6. The 
Romans, whenever they had warded off their own 
dangers, used to lend help to their allies and friends. 
7. When he heard this, he was so inflamed with eager- 
ness that he immediately called me to him. 1 8. He 
asked me my opinion, not that I knew anything, but 
because he had no one else to consult. 2 9. Eighteen 
days after 3 he had led away his army into the forests 
of Germany, Caesar destroyed the bridge and returned 
into Gaul. 10. Are you angry with us because we 
went away ? 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. him : use the reflexive. 

2. to consult : use relative clause of purpose, — whom he should 
consult. 

3. eighteen days after: = after by eighteen days than; see 
Lesson XVIII, Example 8. 



LofC. 



LESSON XXXII. 

TEMPOEAL CLAUSES (continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. fr//w-Clauses. 288. 1-3; 289; A. & G. 545 and a, 546 
and a, 547, 548 ; H. 600. I and 1, IT, 601 and 2. 

2. Antequam and priusquam. 291. 1, 2 ; 292, 1,2; A. & G. 
551. a-c ; H. 605. I, II. 

3. Dum, donee, quoad. 293. I-III; A. & G. 553, 554, 555, 
556 ; H. 603, I, II, 1, 2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. an turn eras consul, cum in Palatio mea domus ardebat, 
or were you then consul, when my house burned up on the Pala- 
tine ? 

2. cum de templo elatus esset, animam efflavit, when he 
had been carried out of the temple, he expired, lit. breathed out 
his life. 

3. jam Galli fugere apparabant, cum matres familiae 
repente procurrerunt, the Gauls were just preparing to flee, 
when the matrons suddenly rushed forth. 

4. neque, cum aliquid mandarat, confectum putabat, nor 
when he had allotted any task, did he think it finished. 

5. cum venies, cognosces, when you come, you will learn. 

6. antequam ad causamredeo, demepauca dicam, before I 
come back to the case, I will say a few things concerning myself. 

7. non prius fugere destiterunt quam ad Rhenum perve- 
nerunt, they did not cease to flee before they reached the Bhine. 

100 



Temporal Clauses. 



101 



8. antequam veniat, litteras mittet, before he comes, he 
will send a letter, i.e. he will send a letter in anticipation of his 
coming. 

9. antequam verbum facerem, abiit, he left before I uttered 
a icord. 

10. dum haec geruntur, ceteri discesserunt, while these 
things were being done, the rest withdrew. 

11. Lacedaemoniorum gens fortis fuit, dum Lyciirgi leges 
vigebant, the race of the Spartans was hardy as long as the 
laws of Ly cur gas were in force. 

12. donee rediit, fuit silentium, there was silence till he 
came. 

13. exspectavit Caesar, dum naves convenirent, Caesar 
waited for the ships to assemble. 

VOCABULARY. 



as long as, dum. 

attack, adorior, Iri, ortus. 

attempt, conor, 1. 

before, antequam, priusquam. 

cease, desisto, ere, destiti. 

depart, decedo, ere, cessi, 

cessurus. 
faction, factio, orris, f. 
flight, fuga, ae, f. 
go forth, exeo. ire, exii,iturus. 



last, continue, dur5, 1. 

once, quondam. 

rear, novissimum agmen, no- 
vissimi agminis, n. ; liter- 
ally, last column. 

sight, conspectus, us, m. 

silent, become silent, taceo, 
ere, ui. 

until, dum, donee, quoad. 



EXERCISE. 



1. When the Helvetii had gone forth from home 
many years before, they defeated the army of the 
consul Cassins. 1 2. They did not cease to follow the 
enemy until (before) they came to this river. 3. Be- 



102 Latin Composition. 

fore we attempt anything else, we will summon Divi- 
tiacus and his brother to us. 4. They did not desist 
from flight before they came in sight 2 of our camp. 
5. There was once a time when the Gauls surpassed 
the Germans in valor. 6. At the time when 3 Caesar 
came into Gaul there were two factions. 7. When 
he saw this, he quickly became silent. 8. When the 
envoys had said this, they departed. 9. Whenever 
they came to a river, they built 4 a bridge. 10. The 
troops had not yet crossed this river, when the cavalry 
of the enemy attacked their rear. 11. Scipio will be 
praised as long as the memory of the Koman state 
lasts. 5 12. While the enemy were crossing this river, 
the horsemen attacked their rear. 13. Here he re- 
mained three days, until the rest of the legions should 
arrive. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. the consul Cassius : in Latin : Cassias, the consul. 

2. in sight : translate : into sight. 

3. at the time when : use cum alone with the proper mood and 
tense. 

4. built : use faciS, ere, feci, factus. 

5. lasts: use the future tense. 



LESSON XXXIII. 

SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Substantive Clauses developed from the Jussive. 295. 
1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8; cf. A. & G. 563, and c, d, e, 565; H. 564. I, II 
and 1. 

2. Substantive Clauses developed from the Deliberative. 
295. 7 ; 298 ; cf A. & G. 558. a ; H. 595. 1, 591. 4. 

3. Substantive Clauses after verbs of hindering, preventing, 
etc. 295. 3 ; A. & G. 553. b ; H. 595. 2, 596. 2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. vos oro ne id faciatis, I beg you not to do that. 

2. populus Romanus permittit ut civitate donentur, the 
Roman people allows them to be presented ivith citizenship. 

3. senatus decernit ut frumentum ematur, the Senate 
decrees that grain be purchased. 

4. laborabam ne testes dicerent, / strove that the icitnesses 
should not speak. 

5. reliquum est ut hoc doceam, it remains for me to show 
this. 

6. licet redeas, you may return. 

7. oportet loquamur, ice ought to speak. 

8. maneat necesse est. it is necessary for him to remain. 

9. non fait causa cur postulates, there was no reason why 
you should ask. 

103 



104 Latin Composition. 

10. nihil causae est quin ita judicetis, there's no reason why 
you shouldn't decide thus. 

11. non dubito quin hoc verum sit, I do not doubt that this 
is true, 

12. pliira ne dicam tuae lacrimae me impediunt, your tears 
prevent me from saying more. 

13. prohibuit quominus in unum coirent, he prevented them 
from coming together. 

14. nee quin erumperet prohiberi poterat, nor could he be 
prevented from rushing forth. 

Remarks. 

1. Licet and oportet take either the infinitive, or the subjunc- 
tive without ut, but the infinitive is the commoner construction, 
especially with licet ; necesse est admits either construction. 

2. Constituo, when denoting another act of the same subject, 
more commonly takes an infinitive than an ut-clause. 

3. Prohibeo is much more commonly construed with an infini- 
tive than with a Substantive Clause introduced by ne, quo minus, 
or quin, e.g. si qui te introire prohibuerit, if any one should 
prevent your entering. In Cicero and Caesar prohibeS never 
occurs followed by a quin-clause, though it may take quo minus. 

4. Impedio quin does not occur in Cicero's speeches or philo- 
sophical works, though impediS quo minus is frequent. 

5. In general, after negative expressions of hindering 9 quo 
minus is often used in preference to quin. 

VOCABULARY. 



avoid, vito, 1. 

beg, oro, 1. 

colony, colonia, ae, f. 

contrary to, against, contra, 

prep, with ace. 
doubt, dubito, 1. 



extend (thanks), ag5, ere, egi, 

actus. 
go away, abeo, ire, ii, iturus. 

necessary, it is necessary, ne- 
cesse est. 



Substantive Clauses. 105 



order, mandatum, I, n. 
prevent, prohibeo, ere, uT, 

itus. 
reason, causa, ae, f. 



send back, remittS, ere, misi. 

missus. 
settler, colonus, I, m. 
thanks, gratiae, arum, f. 
why . . . not, quin. 



EXERCISE. 

1. I demanded 1 that you should send these messen- 
gers back to me. 2. There is no reason why we 
should not go away immediately. 3. Who doubts 
that these things are so ? 4. I begged you, soldiers, 
not to forget 2 my orders. 5. What reason is there 
why these two brothers should not lead a colony into 
Hither Gaul ? 6. We advised you to avoid 3 suspicion 
of treason. 7. Caesar demanded that Ariovistus 
should not injure the Haedui or their allies. 8. We 
decided that no one 4 should remain here longer. 
9. We prevented these barbarians from marching 5 
into the fertile districts near the province. 6 10. It is 
necessary that we adjudge these men enemies. 11. By 
whom were you prevented from waging war ? 
12. Did you permit the soldiers 7 to occupy the lands 
of these settlers? 13. Who will doubt that these 
things were done contrary to law ? 14. You ordained 
that thanks should be extended to our allies. 15. You 
decreed that no one 4 should prevent us from holding 
these lands. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. demanded: use postulo. 

2. not to forget : translate, that you should not forget; that . . . 
not must be rendered by ne. 



106 Latin Composition. 

3. to avoid : translate: that you avoid. 

4. that no one : in Latin : that not any one, ne quis. 

5. See Remark 3. 

6. near the province : translate near by flnitimus, which takes 
the dative. 

7. the soldiers : use the dative in translating this. 



LESSON XXXIV. 

SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES (continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Substantive Clauses developed from the Optative. 296 
entire ; cf. A. & G. 563. b, 564 ; H. 565. 

2. Substantive Clauses of Result. 297. 1-3 ; A. & G. 569= 
1, 2, 570, 571 ; H. 571. 1-4. 

3. Substantive Clauses introduced by quod. 299. 1, 2 ; A. 
& G. 572 and a ; H. 588. 3. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. opto ut hoc audiatis, I desire that you hear this. 

2. visne hoc prlmum videamus, 1 do you icish that we con- 
sider this first f 

3. velim 2 scribas, 1 / wish you would write. 

4. vellem 3 scrlberes, 1 I wish you were writing. 

5. vellem scripsisses, 1 1 wish you had written. 

6. verebar, ne animos vestros offenderem, I was afraid 
that I should offend your feelings. 

7. veritus est ut hostium impetum sustinere posset, he 
feared that he could not withstand the attack of the enemy. 

8. non vereor ne non 4 te expleam, / am not afraid that 1 
shall not satisfy you. 

9. gra vitas morbi facit ut medicina egeamus, the severity 
of disease makes us need medicine. 

10. accidit ut veniret, it happened that he came. 

11. accedebat ut naves deessent, another consideration was 
the lack of boats, lit. it was added that boats icere lacking. 

107 



108 



Latin Composition, 



12. est hoc commune vitium ut invidia gloriae comes sit, 
this is a common evil, that Envy is the attendant of Glory, 

13. mirabile videtur, quod rediit, it seems wonderful, that 
he came back. 

14. bene fecisti quod mansisti, you did well, that you staid. 



Notes on the Examples. 

1) Note the absence of ut, as regularly after visne, velim, 
vellem. 

2) Veiim is potential subjunctive; the present implies that the 
wish contained in the object clause is one capable of realization. 

3J Vellem is likewise a potential subjunctive ; the imperfect 
implies regret at the unreality of the object clause. 

4) Note the use of ne non (instead of ut) after a main clause 
containing a negative. 

VOCABULARY. 



added, it is added, accedit, 
ere, cessit, impersonal. 

afraid, be afraid, timeo, ere, 
ui. 

Britons, BritannT, orum, m. 

chariot, war-chariot, essedum, 
I, n. 

desert, desero, ere, ui, sertus. 

desire, opto, 1. 

fear, vereor, eri, itus. 



happen, it happens, accidit, 

ere, it, impersonal, 
have, habeo, ere, ui, itus. 
onset, impetus, us, m. 
so, SIC. 

suddenly, subito. 
till, ad, prep, with ace. 
vengeance, take vengeance on, 

ulciscor, I, ultus. 
wish, volo, velle, volui. 



EXERCISE. 



1. It happened that we suddenly entered upon a 
new plan. 2. Another fact was 1 that the horsemen, 
whom he was awaiting, had not yet arrived. 3. I 
was afraid that you, soldiers, would not be able 



Substantive Clauses. 109 

to withstand the onset of the enemy. 4. It was 
the custom of the Britons to fight with chariots. 2 
5. They feared that Caesar would take vengeance 
upon them. 3 6. We desire that you should choose 
men worthy to be sent. 4 7. I wish my father had 
lived till this day. 8. In time of war 5 it often 
happens that women and children undergo greater 
hardships than the soldiers themselves. 9. I wish 
you would ask your brother not to desert 6 us. 10. It 
so happened that the general had already sent a letter 
from camp to the Senate at Eome. 7 11. I do not 
fear that he will be angry with me. 12. I wish we 
had more friends. 

Panic of the Romans at Vesontio. 

Caesar's soldiers were in great panic 8 at Vesontio, 
since they had heard from Gallic traders of 9 the fierce 
looks of the Germans and the size of (their) frames. 
There were (some) in the camp who were so much afraid 
that they even made their wills. But when Caesar 
made a speech 10 before n the soldiers, and urged them 
to lay aside their fears and to be of good courage, their 
spirits 12 were altered and they began to desire 13 battle. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. Another fact was : translate by accedebat ; literally, it 
was added. 

2. with chariots : Ablative of Means. 

3. them : use the reflexive. 

4. See Lesson XXIX. 



110 Latin Composition, 

5. in war : express by in with the ablative. 

6. not to desert: Substantive Clause Developed from the 
Volitive. 

7. to the Senate at Rome : see Lesson VII, Example 8. 

8. panic: use pavor, oris, m. 

9. heard of: audi5 means hear of, as well as hear. 

10. made a speech : orationem habere (to hold a discourse), is 
the Latin idiom for ' deliver a speech.' 

11. before: ad. 

12. spirits : use mens, mentis, f . 

13. desire: use cupi5, ere, Ivi, itus. 



LESSON XXXV. 

INDIEECT QUESTIONS. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Simple Questions. 300. 1-3; A. & G. 574, 575. b, 576. 
a ; H. 649. II. 

2. Double Questions. 300. 4; cf. A. & G. 334, 335. d\ H. 
650. 1, 2. 

3. Haud scio an, nescio an. 300. 5 ; A. & G. 575. d; H. 
650. 4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. qua celeritate haec gesta sint, videtis, you see with what 
rapidity these things have been achieved. 

2. quaeret a me ubi sit pecunia, he will inquire of me where 
the money is. 

3. exquire num quid scripserit, ask whether he has written 
anything. 

4. nescio cur hoc putes, I do not know why you think this. 

5. rogavi pervenissentne Agrigentum, I asked whether they 
had come to Agrigentum. 

6. quaero a te nonne putes, I ask of you whether you do not 
think. 

7. nescio quo me vertam, / do not know whither to turn 
(direct : quo vertam, whither am I to turn ?). 

8. hanc paludem si nostri transirent, hostes exspectabant, 
the enemy were waiting (to see) whether our men would cross 
this marsh. 

Ill 



112 



Latin Composition. 



9. quaero utrum verum an falsum sit, ' 

10. quaero verumne an falsum sit, I ask whether it is 

11. quaero verum an falsum sit, true or false. 

12. quaero verum falsumne sit, 

13. di utrum sint necne quaeritur, it is asked whether there 
are gods or not. 

14. haud scio an malim, / am inclined to think I prefer. 



Remarks. 

1. To denote future time in indirect questions, periphrastic forms 
are used where ambiguity would otherwise result ; as, n5n quaerS 
quid dicturus sis, I do not ask what you will say. 

2. Nonne iu indirect questions is used only after quaero ; see 
the 6th example above. 

3. In indirect double questions necne is commonly used to ex- 
press or not ; annon is much less frequent. 



VOCABULARY. 



ask, inquire of, quaero, ere, 
quaesivi, itus. 

bum (of things), comburo, 
ere, ussi, ustus ; (of per- 
sons), cremo, 1. 

deliberate, delibero, 1. 

hand, be on hand, suppeto, 
ere, Ivi or ii, Itum. 

how much, quantum ; with 
Gen. of the Whole. 

inclined to think, haud scio an. 



inquire, quaero, ere, quae- 
sivi, itus. 

or not (whether) ... or not, 
in indirect questions, necne. 

whether, num ; -ne. 

whether . . . not, nonne. 

whether ... or, utrum . . . 
an. See also other modes 
of expression given in the 
grammar. 

wonder, miror, 1. 



EXERCISE. 

1. I asked you how many envoys came and what 
each said. 2. Who will inform us whether this town 



Indirect Questions. 113 

has already been captured ? 3. I do not know whether 
I approve this plan or not. 4. He inquired of * rne 
how long I had remained at home. 5. They deliber- 
ated in common council whether they should burn the 
ships or defend (them). 6. He does not know of 
whom to ask 2 assistance. 7. Do you know whether 
the Germans burned Procillus or spared him ? 8. I 
do not ask what reason impelled you. 9. Why does 
it concern us 3 whether a colony was led to that place 4 
or not? 10. I was waiting (to see) if you would 
write me anything concerning your brother. 11. I 
will now ask whether you did not linger more than 
three days at Bibracte. 12. I am inclined to think 
I regard this plan (as) better. 13. I do not know 
how much grain is on hand. 14. I wonder how you 
found the place. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. of: a, de, or e. 

2. of whom to ask: translate: of whom he shall ask. 

3. concern us : see Lesson XIV, Examples 16, 18. 

4. to that place : express by the adverb illo. 



LESSON XXXVI. 

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. First Type. Nothing Implied. 302. 1-4 ; A. & G. 515 
and a; 518. a, b; 516. a; H. 574 and 2, 580. 1. 

2. Second Type. Supposed Case Contingent (should . . . 
would). 303 ; A. & G. 516. b ; H. 576. 

3. Third Type. Contrary to Fact. 304 entire ; A. & G. 
517 and a,c,d; H. 579 and 1, 582, 583. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. si hoc dicis, erras, if you say this, you are mistaken. 

2. si hoc dicebas, errabas, if you were saying this, you were 
mistaken. 

3. si hoc dices, errabis, if you say (i.e. shall say) this, you 
will be mistaken. 

4. si hoc dixisti, erravisti, if you said this, you were mis- 
taken. 

5. memoria minuitur, nisi earn exerceas, memory grows 
iveak unless you exercise it. 

6. si quis equitum deciderat, pedites circumsistebant, if 
any one of the horsemen fell, the foot-soldiers gathered around 
him. 

7. si viri sumus, hie maneamus, if we are men, let us 
remain here I 

8. si hoc dicas, erres, 1 If you should say this, you 

9. si hoc dixeris, erraveris, J would be mistaken. 

114 



Conditional Sentences. 



115 



10. si hoc diceres, errares, if you were saying this, you 
would be mistaken. 

11. si hoc dixisses, erravisses, if you had said this, you 
would have been mistaken. 

12. deleri potuit exercitus, si quis aggressus esset, the 
army could have been wiped out, if any one had attacked it, lit. 
was able to be wiped out. 

13. eum patris loco colere debebas, si ulla in te pietas 
esset, you ought to revere him as a father, if you had in you 
any sense of devotion. 

14. si Pompejus occisus esset, fuistisne ad arma ituri, if 
Pompey had been slain, vjould you have proceeded to arms ? 



VOCABULARY. 



despair of, despero, 1 ; gov- 
erns the accusative, 
help, juvo, are, juvi, jutus. 
how great, quantus, a, um. 
inhabitant, incola, ae, m. 
learn, disco, ere, didici. 
listen, listen to, audio, ire, 



ivi or ii, itus ; governs the 

accusative, 
refuse, respuo, ere, ui. 
terms, conditions, condici- 

ones, um, f., plu. of con- 

dicio. 
visit, adeo, ire, ii, itus. 



EXERCISE. 

1. If you quickly fortify a camp, it will not be 
necessary that we leave this place at once. 2. It 
will be of great advantage 1 to us, if we visit this 
island and learn the customs of the inhabitants. 
3. If he refuses our terms, let us not delay longer, but 
at once bring war upon him. 4. I should approve 
this plan, unless I saw a better (one). 5. If he for- 
gets what he has promised us, I shall despair of safety. 
6. I should not have sent you to him, if I had under- 



116 Latin Composition 

stood how great the dangers were. 7. If you listen 
to my words, you will understand how great a kind- 
ness you received from me. 8. If he should beg us 
to help him, what would you reply ? 9. They could 
have freed 2 this town from siege, if they had not lost 
all their grain and supplies. 10. Be of good courage, 3 
if you hope for victory. 

Conference of Ariovistus and Caesar. 

After Ariovistus had once refused a conference, he 
finally granted (one). The two leaders met in the 
midst of a plain near a hillock, each attended 4 by a 
band 5 of horsemen: At 6 this conference Caesar ear- 
nestly demanded that Ariovistus should send back all 
hostages to the Gauls and lead no more 7 Germans 
across the Ehine. These demands Ariovistus rejected. 
If he had granted them, he would have avoided war. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. of great advantage : magno usui, literally , for great sendee. 

2. could have freed, : see Example 12. 

3. of good courage : see Lesson XVIII, Example 15. 

4. attended: the perfect participle of comitor may be here 
used. 

5. by a band : the simple ablative should be used here. 

6. At : use in. 

7. no more : neu plures ; compare Lesson XXIX, Example 6. 



LESSON XXXVII. 
use of nisi, si non, sin. conditional clauses of 

COMPARISON. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Nisi, si non, sin. 306 entire ; cf. A. & G. 525. a. 1,2, d ; 
H. 575. 2, 4, 5, 7. 

2. Conditional Clauses of Comparison. 307. 1, 2; A. & G. 
524 and N. 2 ; H. 584 and 1, 2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. hoc enim non facerem, nisi necesse esset, for I should 
not be doing this unless it were necessary. 

2. etiam si vir bonus non esset, even if he were not a good 
man. 

3. dolorera si non potuero frangere, tamen occultabo, if 1 
cannot subdue my grief yet I will hide it. 

4. si futurum est, fiet ; si non futurum est, non fiet, if it 
is destined to be, it will be ; if it is not destined, it will not be. 

5. hoc si assecutus sum, gaudeo ; si minus, me consolor, 
if I have attained this, I am glad; if not, I console myself. 

6. haec si dices, tenebere ; sin alia dices, me non refu- 
tabis, if you say this, you will be caught; but if you say some- 
thing else, you will not refute my statements. 

7. nihil quaesivit nisi justitiam, he sought nothing but 
justice. 

8. nisi vero non hostem Antonium judicavistis, unless 
indeed you did not consider Antony an enemy. 

117 



118 



Latin Composition. 



9. nomen petis quasi incertum sit, you ask for the name 
as if it were uncertain. 

10. hoc loco sedebat, quasi reus ipse esset, he sat in this 
place as if he were himself under accusation. 

11. ita loquor quasi ego illud fecerim, / speak as though I 
had done that. 

VOCABULARY. 



ancient, pristine, prlstinus, a, 

um. 
as if, as though, quasi. 
begin, join (of battle), com- 

mitto, ere, nrisi, missus. 
but if, sin. 

courageously, fortiter. 
if not, si minus, when the verb 

of the conditional clause is 

omitted. 



near, prope, prep, with ace. 
owe, debeo, ere, ui. itus. 
pay, solvo, ere, solvi, solu- 

tus. 
prepare for, par 6, 1. 
proceed, pergo, ere, perrexi, 

rectum. 
treachery, perfidia, ae, f. 
unless, nisi ; unless indeed, nisi 

vero. 



EXERCISE. 

1. Unless you withdraw from this place, I shall 
regard you not (as) a friend, but an enemy. 2. If 
you make peace with us, we will return home ; but 
if you proceed to bring war upon us, remember our 
ancient valor ! 3. Do not begin l battle, unless our 
forces have been seen 2 near the camp of the enemy. 
4. If he comes with cavalry, we shall not despair of 
victory ; if he does not come, not even Fortune herself 
can save us. 5. If he pays me the money which he 
owes, I will come; if not, I will remain at home. 
6. In the city, the Romans courageously prepared for 
war, as though they had not just 3 lost two consuls and 



Conditional Clauses of Comparison. 119 

a large army. 7. You speak as though we had not 
all undergone 4 the greatest hardships. 8. We shud- 
der at the cruelty of Ariovistus, as if he were present. 
9. You are unworthy of honor, unless indeed treachery 
and cowardice deserve to be praised. 5 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. Do not begin : see Lesson XXVII, Examples 6 and 7. 

2. have been seen : use the future perfect. 

3. just : paulo ante, or modo. 

4. had not undergone : note the proper tense. See Example 11. 

5. deserve to be praised : use the passive periphrastic conjuga- 
tion. 



LESSON XXXVIII. 

SUBORDINATE ADVERSATIVE CLAUSES INTRODUCED BY 

quamvis, quamquam, etc. provisos. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Subordinate Adversative Clauses. 309. 1-5; A. & G. 
527 and a-e ; H. 585, 586. I, II. 

2. Provisos. 310. II ; A. & G. 528 ; H. 587. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. quod turpe est, id quamvis occultetur, non honestum fit, 
what is base does not become honorable, even though it be hidden. 

2. quamvis amplum sit, parum est, however extensive it be, 
it is too little. 

3. Romani, quamquam itinere fessi erant, tamen proce- 
dunt, though the Bomans were weary with marching, yet they 
advanced. 

4. etsi nunquam dubium fuit, though it was never doubtful. 

5. Atticus honores non petiit, cum ei paterent, Atticus did 
not seek honors, though they were open to him. 

6. quamquam quid loquor, and yet why do I talk ? 

7. magno me metu liberabis dum modo inter me atque te 
murus intersit, you will relieve me of a great fear, provided only 
there be a wall between you and me. 

8. id faciat saepe dum ne lassus fiat, let him do that often, 
provided he does not become tired. 

9. manent ingenia senibus, modo permaneat industria, old 
men' 1 s faculties continue, provided only industry remains. 

120 



Subordinate Adversative Clauses. 121 

Remarks. 

1. Etsi, although, is carefully to be distinguished from etsi, even 
if; the latter is a conditional particle and takes any of the construc- 
tions admissible for si ; see Lesson XXXVI. 



VOCABULARY. 



and yet, quamquam ; etsi. 
eight hundred, octingenti, ae, 

a. 
fear, metus, us, m. 
finally, postremo. 
mainland, continens, entis, f. 
may, it is permitted, licet, 



nevertheless, tamen. 
provided, dum ; provided only, 

dum mo do. 
put, place, pono, ere, posui, 

po situs. 
remain in charge, praesum, 

esse, fui ; governs the dative. 



licere, licuit, with the sub- i though, quamquam, quamvis. 
junctive. I yet, tamen. 

EXERCISE. 

1. Although these tribes had sent messengers to the 
mainland and had sought peace of us, yet, after we 
arrived in Britain, they brought war upon us. 2. Al- 
though our men were deserted by their leader, yet 
they put all hope of safety in valor. 3. Though we 
should learn nothing concerning these tribes, neverthe- 
less let us visit them ! 4. Provided only he does not 
lead his soldiers from the province to Eome, he may 
remain in charge of his army. 5. And yet I am not 
afraid that he will do us harm. 6. Although the 
Germans had not more than eight hundred horsemen, 
they routed five thousand Roman cavalry. 7. Pro- 
vided you come soon with an army, you will relieve 



122 Latin Composition. 

this city of fear l of siege. 8. Although he had under- 
gone so many hardships, Procillus finally escaped 
unharmed. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. of fear : express by the ablative. 



LESSON XXXIX. 

INDIRECT DISCOURSE. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

Moods. 

i. Declaratory Sentences. 314. 1,3; 331. 1 ; A. & G. 580 
H. 642, 643. 3, 4. 

2. Interrogative Sentences. 315. 1-3; A. & G. 586, 587 
H. 642 and 2, 3. 

3.. Imperative Sentences. 316 and a ; A. & G. 588 and a 
H. 642. 

Tenses. 

1. Of the Infinitive. 317 and a ; A. & G. 584 and a ; H. 644, 
617. 

2. Of the Subjunctive. 318 and a ; A. & G. 585 and a ; 
H. 644. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Ariovistus respondit sese non esse venturum, Ariovistus 
replied that he would not come. (Direct : non veniam.) 

2. Regulus dixit quam diu jure jurando hostium teneretur 
non esse se senatorem, Begulus said that so long as he was 
held by his oath to the enemy he ivas not a senator. (Direct : 
quam diu . . . teneor. non sum senator. ) 

3. referunt, esse silvam infinlta magnitudine, quae Bacenis 
appellatur, they bring back ivord that there is a forest of limit- 
less extent, ivhich is called Bacenis. (The direct statement here 
is est silva ; the clause quae appellatur is an addition of the 
writer. ) 

123 



124 Latin Composition. 

4. Caesari respondit se prius in Galliam venisse quam popu- 
lum Romanum. Quid sibi vellet? Cur in suas possessionem 
veniret ? he answered Caesar that he had come into Gaul before 
the Roman people. What did he want ? Why did he come into 
his domain ? (Direct : ego prius veni. Quid vis ? Cur venis?) 

5. si veteris contumeliae oblivisci vellet, num etiam recen- 
tium injuriarum memoriam se deponere posse, if he were will- 
ing to forget the former indignity, could he also banish the 
recollection of recent wrongs ? (Direct : si velim, num possum?) 

6. quid metueret, what (said he) had he to fear ? (Direct : 
quid metuam.) 

7. dixit ill! irent ad copias, let them, he said, go to their 
troops. (Direct: vos ite.) 

/ know you were doing this. (Direct : 

agebas.) 
I know you did this. (Direct : egisti.) 
I know you had done this. (Direct : 
egeras.) 

9. videor ostendisse quales dei essent, I seem to have shown 
of ivhat nature the gods are. (Direct : ostendi.) 



Remarks. 

1. Note that a dependent perfect infinitive is treated as an his- 
torical tense whenever, if resolved into an equivalent indicative, it 
would be historical. See the last example above. 

2. Note that for the sake of vividness a present tense of the 
direct discourse is not infrequently retained in the indirect after an 
historical tense. This is called repraesentatio, ' a bringing back 
to the present.' 

VOCABULARY. 



scio te haec 
egisse, 



announce, niintio, 1. 
appoint (a dictator), dico, ere, 
dixi, dictus. 



approach, adventus, us, m. 
bring back word, report, refer 6, 
ferre, rettuli, relatus. 



Indirect Discourse. 125 



conspire, conjuro, 1. 

crush, opprimo, ere, press!, 

pressus. 
dictator, dictator, oris, m. 
hide, celo, 1. 



hostage, obses, idis. m. 
number, numerus, I, m. 
plough, aro, 1. 
twenty, viginti. 



EXERCISE. 

1. Crassus knew that he was waging war in those 
places where a few years before a Roman army had 
been routed and a lieutenant had been slain. 2. This 
deserter said that Caesar was in great danger, and 
that the Yeneti would crush his army. 3. We 
understand that these tribes have surrendered all the 
arms which they had hidden, and are now seeking 
peace. 4. Caesar promised the Ubii that he would 
come and help 1 them. 5. We were informed that 
the leaders of the Belgians were conspiring and giving 
hostages to each other. 2 6. We read that Cincinnatus 
was ploughing when it was announced to him that 
he had been appointed dictator. 7. He said to the 
soldiers that the place was suitable for a battle; let 
each (man) perform his duty, and not 3 forget the 
glory of the Eoman name. 8. These scouts brought 
back word that when the Gauls 4 had been informed 
of Caesar's approach they left the villages, which were 
twenty in number, and fled into the woods. 

The Battle with Ariovistus. 

The two armies had encamped 5 near the Rhine 
in the territory of the Sequani. Ariovistus, whose 



126 Latin Composition, 

forces were larger, led his (men) past the camp of 
the Romans, in order to cut them off from supplies. 
When Caesar offered battle to the Germans, 6 Ario- 
vistus at first refused 7 to fight, but finally attacked 
the Roman camp. The Romans withstood this assault 
and then advanced themselves against the Germans, 
whom they soon routed and pursued to the Rhine. 
Only a very few escaped. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. help : the future active participle of juvo is juvaturus. 

2. to each other : inter se. 

3. See Lesson XXIX, Example 6. 

4. that when the Gauls : in Latin : that the Gauls, when they^ 
etc.; B. 351, 2. 

5. had encamped : translate : had pitched camp. 

6. offered battle to the Germans : translate : harassed the Ger- 
mans by battle (proelio lacessere). 

7. refused: translate: teas unwilling (nolo). 



LESSON XL. 

INDIRECT DISCOURSE (continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

Conditional Sentences in Indirect Discourse. 319-322 en- 
tire ; A. & G. 589 entire ; H. 646, 647. 

EXAMPLES. 
Note. — The direct form is given first in parenthesis. 

(si hoc credis, erras, if you believe this, you are wrong.) 

1. dico te, si hoc credas, errare, / say that, if you believe 
this, you are wrong. 

2. dixi te, si hoc crederes, errare, I said that, if you believed 
this, you were wrong. 

(si hoc credes, errabis, if you believe (i.e. shall believe) this, 
you will be wrong.) 

3. dico te, si hoc credas, erraturum esse, / say that if you 
believe (i.e. shall believe) this, you will be wrong. 

4. dixi te, si hoc crederes, erraturum esse, / said that if 
you should believe this, you would be wrong. 

(si hoc credideris, errabis, if you shall have believed this, 
you will be zorong.) 

5. dico te, si hoc credideris. erraturum esse, / say that if 
you shall have believed this, you will be vjrong. 

6. dixi te, si hoc credidisses, erraturum esse, I said that, if 
you should have believed this, you ivould be wrong. 

127 



128 Latin Composition, 

(si hoc credas, erres, if you should believe this, you would 
be wrong.) 

7. dico te, si hoc credas, erraturum esse, / say that if you 
should believe this, you would be wrong. 

8. dixi te, si hoc crederes, erraturum esse, / said that, if 
you should believe this, you would be wrong. 

(si hoc crederes, errares, if you were believing this, you 
would be in error.) 

9. dico (dixi) te, si hoc crederes, erraturum esse, / say 
(said) that, if you were believing this, you would be wrong. 

(si hoc credidisses, erravisses, if you had believed this, you 
would have been wrong.) 

10. dico (dixi) te, si hoc credidisses, erraturum fuisse, I 
say (said) that, if you had believed this, you would have been 
wrong. 

(si hoc dixisses, piinitus esses, if you had said this, you 
would have been punished.) 

11. dico (dixi) si hoc dixisses, futurum fuisse ut punireris, 
I say (said) that, if you had said this, you would have been pun- 
ished, lit. it would have happened that you should be punished. 

12. non dubito quin, si hoc dixisses, erraturus fueris, I do 
not doubt that if you had said this, you would have been wrong. 

13. quaero, num, si hoc dixisses, erraturus fueris, / ask 
whether you would have made a mistake, if you had said this. 

14. tarn acriter pugnatum est ut si equites adfuissent cas- 
tra capi potuerint, the fighting was so fierce that, if the cavalry 
had been present, the camp could have been taken. 

VOCABULARY. 



advice, consilium, I, n. 
believe, credo, ere, credidi, 

creditus. 
declare, declaro, 1. 
emigrate, emigro, 1. 



labor, labor, oris, m. 
necessary, necessarius, a, um. 
resources, opes, um, f. 
secure, procure, par 6, 1. 



Indirect Discourse. 129 

EXERCISE. 

1. These envoys declare that unless we lend help to 
the Gauls they will all emigrate from home and seek 
new abodes. 2. I believe that if they should secure 
the necessary resources, they would march out and 
bring war upon us. 3. He says that if the enemy 
had got possession of this bridge, they would have cut 
us off from supplies. 4. Do you think that we should 
ever have undertaken so many and so great labors, 
unless we had persuaded ourselves that you would 
lend us assistance ? 5. I asked him whether he 
would have come if I had sent him a letter. 6. I do 
not doubt that Caesar would have made peace with 
the Helvetii, if they had given him the hostages which 
he demanded of them. 7. I say that you will be 
safe, if you follow my advice. 8. I said that yon 
would be safe, if you should follow my advice. 



LESSON XLI. 

THE INFINITIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Infinitive without Subject Accusative, used as Subject. 

327. 1, 2 and a ; A. & G. 452. N. 2, 455. a ; H. 615, 612. 3. 

2. Infinitive without Subject Accusative, used as Object. 

328. 1, 2 ; A. & G. 456 ; H. 607 and 1, 2, 608. 4, 612 and 1. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. dulce et decorum est pro patria mori, it is sweet and 
noble to die for one's country. 

2. senatui placuit legatos mittere, the Senate decided (lit. 
it pleased the Senate) to send envoys. 

3. non semper licet otiosum esse, one cannot be always at 
leisure. 

4. patricio tribuno plebis fieri non licebat, it was not 
allowed a patrician to become a tribune of the plebs. 

5. litteras mittere non audet, he does not dare send the letter. 

6. nonne me audire vultis, do you not wish to hear me ? 

7. huic audaciae resistere debetis, you ought to resist this 
audacity. 

8. coloniam deducere conatus est, he tried to lead out a 
colony. 

9. evadere non potuit, he could not escape. 

10. paratus abire, ready to depart. 

11. assuetus videre, accustomed to see. 

12. beatus esse sine virtute nemo potest, no one can be 
happy without virtue. 

130 



The Infinitive. 



131 



Remarks. 

1. Note that where the English says 'ought to have done/ 
' might have done,' the Latin uses debui, oportuit, potul, with 
the present infinitive, as, debuit venire, he ought to have come ; 
potuit venire, Jve might (could) have come. 



VOCABULARY. 



accept, accipio, ere, cepi, 

ceptus. 
behold, aspicio, ere, spexi, 

spectus. 
between, inter, prep, with ace. 
confer, colloquor, I, collocu- 

tus. 
find (by search), reperio, ire, 

repperi, repertus. 
gather (trans.), cogo, ere, 

coegi, coactus. 
habit, mos, moris, m. 



make ready, paro, 1. 
merit, virtus, utis, f. 
measure out, metior, Iri, 

mensus. 
pain, dolor, oris, m. 
permitted, it is permitted, licet, 

ere, licuit, impersonal, 
recount, enumero, 1. 
retreat, recipio, ere, cepi, 

ceptus, with the reflexive, 
treat, treat of, ago, ere, egi, 

actus. 



EXERCISE. 

1. It is not our habit to accept terms of peace from 
an enemy. 2. It is necessary to hasten at once into 
Gaul and crush this uprising. 3. It was permitted 
to withdraw. 4. On account of the multitude of the 
enemy we decided to refrain from battle. 5. At 
what time did this bridge begin to be built ? x 6. The 
Treveri having already gathered large forces were 
making ready to attack Labienus. 7. On this day it 
was necessary to measure out grain to the soldiers. 
8. Most of the tribes neglected to send to the main- 



132 Latin Composition. 

land the hostages that they had promised. 9. I wish 
to confer with you concerning those matters which 
began to be treated of between us. 10. Caesar 
decided to fight, as soon as 2 he saw that the enemy 
wished to retreat. 11. It was not easy to prevent 
him from finding us. 12. I began to recount the 
merits of this general a little while ago. 13. Could 
you behold all this without the greatest pain ? 14. You 
ought to have read this book. 15. You might have 
reminded 3 me of this before. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. be built : use fio, fieri, factus. 

2. The order in Latin should be: Caesar as soon as he, etc.; B. 
351,2. 

3. might have reminded : see Remark 1. 



LESSON XLII. 

THE INFINITIVE {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Infinitive with Subject Accusative, used as Subject. 
330 ; A. & G. 455. 2 ; H. 615. 

2. Infinitive with Subject Accusative, used as Object. 331 
entire; A. & G. 459 ; H. 613. 1-3. 

3. Passive Construction of Verbs which in the Active are 
followed by the Infinitive with Subject Accusative. 332 
entire; H. 611. 1, 2 and Notes 1, 3. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. legem esse brevem oportet, the law ought to be brief. 

2. turpe est me mortem timuisse, it is disgraceful for me to 
have feared death. 

3. milites remigesque reverti jussit, he ordered the soldiers 
and oarsmen to return. 

4. consul ludos fieri vetuit, the consul forbade the games to 
be held. 

5. non patiar istam suspicionem manere, I will not allow 
that suspicion to remain. 

6. sinite me nostram calamitatem praeterire, permit me to 
pass over our misfortune. 

7. cur hunc tanto dolore affici vis, why do you wish this 
man to be visited with so great grief ? 

8. vos enim haec audire cupio, for I wish you to hear this. 

9. maluit se diligi quam metui, he preferred to be loved 
rather than feared. 



134 



Latin Composition. 



10. non moleste ferebant se libidinum vinculis laxatos 
esse, they did not regret (lit. bear it ill) that they had been 
freed from the fetters of passion. 

11. his frumentum dari cogebat, he compelled grain to be 
given to these. 

12. ire in exsilium jussus est, he was ordered to go into 
exile. 

13. populi majestas conservarl jubetur, the majesty of the 
people is ordered to be preserved. 

14. videbatur magnam gloriam consecutus, 1 he seemed to 
have attained great glory. 

15. dicitur in Italiam venisse, he is said to have come into 
Italy. 

16. Aristides justissimus fuisse traditur, Aristides is re- 
ported to have been very just. 

17. traditum est Aristidem jiistissimum fuisse, it is re- 
ported that Aristides ivas very just. 

Notes on the Examples. 

1) Observe that the participle in the compound tenses of the 
infinitive agrees with the subject of the main verb in constructions 
of this type. The auxiliary esse is also freely omitted. 



Remarks. 

1. Note that verbs which have no participial stem express the 
future infinitive active and passive by fore ut or futurum esse 
ut, with the subjunctive, as spero fore ut hostes arceantur, 1 
hope the enemy loill be kept off, lit. i" hope it loill happen that the 
enemy will be kept off. 

VOCABULARY. 



band, manus, us, f. 
citizen, civis, is, c. 
clear, is clear, constat, are, 
stitit, impersonal. 



discuss, disput5, 1. 
fair, just, aequus, a, um. 
forbid, veto, are, ui, itus. 
formerly, olim. 



The Infinitive. 



135 



hold regard, habeo, ere, ui, 

itus. 
injure, laedo, ere, laesi, lae- 

sus. 
keep apart, distineo, ere, ui, 

tentus. 
other side of, ultra, prep, with 

ace. 



present, praesens, entis. 
report, announce, nuntio, 1. 
reputation, fama, ae, f. 
sacred, sacer, sacra, sacrum. 
unwilling, be unwilling, nolo, 
n511e, nolui. 



EXERCISE. 

1. It is not fair (for) the Germans to cross the Rhine 
and come into Gaul. 2. It was clear that Caesar 
would wage war in the territory of the Veneti. 3. It 
is of great importance 1 that the bands of the enemy 
be kept apart. 4. They reported to us that the 
ascent of this mountain was not difficult. 5. It is 
clear that this town could not be defended. 6. I am 
unwilling that these matters be discussed in your 
presence. 2 7. He ordered Sabinus to lead out four 
cohorts. 8. He forbade the bridge to be torn down. 
9. The Sequani will suffer the Helvetii to go through 
their territory. 10. The Belgians are said formerly 
to have dwelt the other side of the Rhine. 11. He 
did not wish his reputation to be injured. 12. This 
army seems to have been entirely wiped out. 13. Do 
we not wish the rights of Roman citizens to be held 
sacred among all nations ? 

Uprising* of the Belgae. 

Having defeated the Helvetii and the Germans, 
Caesar returned across 3 the Alps into Hither Gaul. 



136 Latin Composition, 

Here lie passed the winter and held court. 4 At the 
beginning of the next spring he enrolled two new 
legions and set out for Gaul, where the Belgae were 
conspiring and exchanging hostages. 5 These had long 
seen that Caesar was gradually drawing near them, 
and believed that he would soon lead a Koman army 
against them. Accordingly, remembering their ancient 
valor, they decided to resist the Eomans. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. is of great importance : magnopere interest. 

2. in your presence : translate : you being present. 

3. across: per. 

4. held court : the Latin idiom for ■ held court ' is conventus 
(ace. plu.) agere. 

5. exchanging hostages: translate: giving hostages between 
themselves. 



LESSON XLIII. 

PARTICIPLES. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Tenses of the Participle. 336. 1-5; A. & G. 489 and 
491 ; H. 640 and 1. 

2. Use of Participles. 337. 1-3, 5, 8, a, 6. 1), 2) ; A. & G. 
494; 496, 497 and d\ 500 and 1, 2, 4; H. 638, 1-3, 639, 613. 5. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. audio te loquentem, / hear you as you speak. 

2. audivi te loquentem, I heard you as you were speaking. 

3. audiam te loquentem, I shall hear you as you speak, i.e. 
as you shall be speaking. 

4. locutus tacet, he has spoken and is silent, lit. having 
spoken he is silent. 

5. locutus tacuit, he had spoken and was silent. 

6. locutus tacebit, he will speak and then keep silent. 

7. idoneum tempus ratus, Athenas se contulit, thinking 
the time favorable, he betook himself to Athens. 

8. Plato scribens est mortuus, Plato died while writing. 

9. perfidiam veritus ad suos recessit, fearing treachery, he 
returned to his own troops. 

10. Catonem vidi in bibliotheca sedentem, / saw Cato sitting 
in his library. 

11. Polyphemum Homerus cum ariete colloquentem facit, 
Homer represents Polyphemus talking with the ram. 

137 



138 Latin Composition. 

12. post reges exactos, after the expulsion of the kings, lit. 
after the kings expelled. 

13. leges observandae, laws deserving of observance. 

14. veniendum est, it is necessary to come. 

15. huic mulieii parcendum est, this woman must be spared. 

16. obliviscendum est injuriarum, one must forget injuries. 

17. legem scribendam curavit, he saw to the engrossing of 
the law. 

18. eum jugulandum vobis tradiderunt, they handed him 
over to you to be put to death. 

Remarks. 

1. Note that the perfect passive participle is often equivalent 
to a co-ordinate clause in English, as, C. Servilius Ahala Sp. 
Maelium occupatum interemit, Gains Servilius Ahala sur- 
prised and slew Spurius Maelius, lit. slew him having been 
surprised. 

2. Observe that the present active participle is used much less 
freely in Latin than in English. We employ it somewhat loosely to 
denote an act prior to that of the verb with which it is connected ; 
as, ' Finding no means of escape, he surrendered.' Here the finding 
is anterior to the surrender. In such cases the Latin would employ 
some other form of expression ; in that language the present 
participle is usually strictly limited to the expression of acts con- 
temporary with the action of the main verb. 

VOCABULARY. 



advance, progredior, I, gres- 

sus. 
civil, civilis, e. 
found, condo, ere, didi, 

ditus. 
hand over, trado, ere, didi, 

ditus. 
offer, do, dare, dedi, datus. 



old, vetus, veteris. 
overthrow, everto, ere, verti, 

versus. 
provide, provide for, euro, 1. 
pupil, discipulus, I, m. 
ravage, populor, 1. 
rejoice, gaudeo, ere, gavisus. 



Participles. 139 



republic, rSs publica, rei 

publicae, f. 
seven hundredth, septingen- 

tesimus, a, um. 



strong, validus, a, um. 
think, arbitror, 1. 
thither, eo. 
urge, hortor, 1. 



EXERCISE. 

1. Rejoicing that this opportunity was offered to 
him/ he ordered his soldiers to advance. 2. I heard 
you urging your pupils to read Caesar's commentaries 
on the civil war. 3. In the seven hundred and eighth 
year after the founding of the city the old republic 
was overthrown. 4. We must withdraw 2 from these 
woods to our camp. 5. We must use 3 these vessels. 
6. Having ravaged these districts, they returned to 
camp. 7. Thinking that this war could be quickly 
finished, Caesar led his army thither. 8. The legions 
were held almost surrounded by the enemy. 9. Our 
men attacked the rest as they attempted to cross this 
river. 10. I provided for defending the city by many 
strong 4 guards. 11. I handed these prisoners over to 
you to be led back to camp. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. Use the reflexive. 

2. we must withdraw : translate : it must be withdrawn by us. 

3. we must use : translate : it must be used by us. 

4. many strong : translate : many and strong ; B. 241, 3. 



LESSON XLIV. 

THE GERUND; THE GERUNDIVE CONSTRUCTION; THE 
SUPINE. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. The Gerund. 338. 1-5 ; A. & G. 502 ; 504 and b ; 505 
and a ; 506 and 1ST. 2 ; 507 ; H. 624, 626, 627, 628 and foot- 
note 2, 629. 

2. The Gerundive Construction. 339. 1-5 ; A. & G. 503 ; 
504 and b, 505, 506, 507 ; H. 621, 623 and 1, 628. 

3. The Supine. 340 entire ; A. & G. 509, 510 and N. 2 ; 
H. 632 and 1, 633, 635 and 1, 2, 4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. flnem sequendi fecit, he made an end of following. 

2. cupidus te audiendi, desirous of hearing you. 

3. gloriandi causa, for the sake of boasting. 

4. spatium sumamus ad cogitandum, let us take time far 
reflection. 

5. fratrem tuum laudando, by praising your brother. 

6. ex discendS capiunt voluptatem, they derive pleasure 
from learning. 

7. consilium urbis delendae et civium trucidandorum, the 
plan of destroying the city and massacring the citizens. 

8. sensus ad res percipiendas idonei, senses adapted to per- 
ceiving objects. 

9. Brutus in liberanda patria interfectus est, Brutus was 
slain in freeing his country. 

140 



The Gerund. 141 

10. cupiditas plura l habendi, desire of having more. 

11. ad agrum fruendum 2 nos allectat senectus, old age 
invites us to enjoy the farm. 

12. sui conservandi 3 causa, for the sake of saving them- 
selves. 

13. vestri conservandi 3 causa, for the sake of saving your- 



14. pacem petitum oratores mittunt, they send envoys to 
ask for peace. 

15. mirabile auditu, wonderful to hear! 

Notes on the Examples. 

1) The Gerundive Construction could not be used here; plu- 
rium habend5rum could be masculine as well as neuter, and 
would thus occasion ambiguity. 

2) Note that fruor, like the other deponents governing the ab- 
lative, admits the gerundive construction. 

3) Conservandi agrees merely in form with sui and vestri ; 
in sense it is plural. 

Remarks. 

1. The dative of the gerund and of the gerundive are both rare 
in Ciceronian Latin; consequently the construction, though com- 
mon later, is hardly to be imitated by the beginner in Latin writing. 

VOCABULARY. 



accomplish, conficio, ere, 

feci, fectus. 
against, in, prep, with ace. 
ambush, insidiae, arum, f. 
arm, armo, 1. 
collect, colligo, ere, legi, 

lectus. 
draw on, lure on, traho, ere, 

traxi, tractus. 



endure, perfero, ferre, tuli, 
latus. 

for (denoting purpose), ad, 

prep, with ace. 
gain possession of, potior, Iri, 

ltUS. 

hurl, conicio, ere, conjeci, 

jectus. 
ready, promptus, a, um. 



142 Latin Composition. 



renew, renov5, 1. 
spend, dego, ere, degi. 

sufficient, satis. 



temper, animus, 1, m. 
winter, spend the winter, 
hiemo, 1. 



EXERCISE. 

1. These tribes formed the plan of renewing the war 
and crushing the Eoman legion. 2. All hope of 
gaining possession of this town at once departed. 
3. We stationed our troops in this village for the 
sake of wintering (here). 4. No opportunity was 
offered for hurling javelins 1 against the enemy. 
5. I believe that one year will be sufficient for accom- 
plishing these things. 6. The temper of the Gauls 
is ready for undertaking wars, but it is weak for en- 
during misfortunes. 7. Wonderful to tell, no one 
was in charge of these troops. 8. Very little time 
was given the Romans for arming themselves. 9. We 
spent three days at Geneva in writing letters. 
10! By their eagerness for pursuing they were drawn 
on to the place of ambush. 11. They gave the 
enemy no opportunity of collecting themselves. 

The Fight with the Nervii. 

As the Romans were pitching camp on the summit 
of a hill near the left bank of the Sabis 2 river, the 
Nervii and their allies suddenly crossed the stream 
and advanced up hill 3 towards the Roman camp. So 
sudden was the onset that time was not given the 
Romans for arming themselves. They fought where 



The Gerund. 143 

they stood, 4 without line of battle, without leaders, 
without plan. But such was their courage and dis- 
cipline in consequence of former battles, that they 
finally defeated the Nervii and reduced their tribe 
almost 5 to extinction. 6 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. for hurling javelins : use the genitive of the gerund. 

2. Sab is : Sabis, is. 

3. up hill: adverso colle ; literally, the hill being against 
{them). 

4. stood: use the pluperfect of consisto, — constiterant ; 
literally, had taken their stand. 

5. Almost : prope. 

6. extinction : internecio, onis. 



SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 

IN 

CONTINUED DISCOURSE. 
15.* 

Galba at Octodurus. 

Servius Galba was a brave lieutenant, who had been 
ordered by Caesar to conduct 1 one legion and eight 
hundred horsemen into (the territory of) the Veragri. 
Galba had stationed his cohorts in a village, which is 
called Octodurus, and was fortifying a camp, when 
suddenly the Gauls made an attack upon 2 the Romans. 
After these 3 had resisted bravely (for) many hours, 
they finally made a sortie, 4 and put the Gauls to 
flight. 5 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. conduct : dedtico, ere, duxi, ductus. 

2. upon : in, with ace. 

3. after these had resisted, they made; translate: these, after 
they resisted, made, etc. 

4. sortie : eruptio, onis. 

5. put to flight : in fugam conicio. ere, conjeci, conjectus. 

* Fourteen passages of continuous discourse have been inter- 
spersed among the preceding lessons. 



Exercises in Continued Discourse. 146 

16. 
Crassus's Expedition against the Maritime Tribes. 

A few months after ] the Belgians had been brought 
under the Roman power, Publius Crassus was sent 
with an army into the maritime 2 states lying 3 between 
the Loire 4 and the Seine. 5 Here dwelt the Veneti 
and many other tribes, all (of) which were especially 
skilled 6 in seamanship. Crassus persuaded these to 
submit 7 to the Romans and to give him 8 hostages. 
But they soon repented 9 of this act, and when in the 
following 10 winter Roman officers 11 came into these 
districts to levy 12 grain, they were arrested 13 and 
held 14 by the Veneti. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. a few months after : translate : by a few months after (post- 
quam). 

2. maritime: maritimus, a, um. 

3. lying : use positus, a, um; literall j, placed, 

4. Loire: Liger. is; ace. Ligerim. 

5. Seine : Sequana, ae. 

6. especially skilled in: use superlative of peritus, a, um; 
governs gen. 

7. submit: use se dedere (dedo, ere, dedidi, itus). 

8. him : reflexive. 

9. they repented of this act : translate : it repented them of this 
act. Compare Lesson XIV, Examples 11, 12. 

10. following : proximus, a, um. 

11. officers : use praefectus, I. 

12. levy : impero, 1. 

13. arrested: use comprehends, ere, endi, ensus. 

14. held: use retineo, ere, ui, tentus. 



146 Latin Composition. 

17. 

War Breaks out with the Veneti. 

The neighboring tribes quickly followed the ex- 
ample l of the Veneti. Thus 2 a new war broke out. 3 
Caesar himself had set out for Illyricum, when he 
was informed through messengers of these occur- 
rences. 4 Since he knew that the Gauls would not 
wage war before the next spring, he remained in his 
province the entire winter. Meanwhile/ 5 fearing 6 
that the Belgae might lend aid to the maritime Gauls, 
he sent Labienus with all the cavalry to the Rhine. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. example : exemplum, I. 

2. thus: ita. 

3. break out : use coorior, Iri, ortus. 

4. occurrences : use res. 

5. meanwhile : interea. 

6. fearing : use vereor. For the tense, see Lesson XLIII, 
Example 7. 

18. 
Caesar's Preparations for the Contest. 

Since Caesar understood that the Veneti would fight 
with ships, he ordered a large Eoman fleet to be made 
ready and rowers and pilots * to be collected from the 
province. Having first assembled 2 his land 3 forces at 
the beginning of the summer, he began to attack the 
towns of the Veneti and captured very many. But 
whenever 4 a town was captured, the enemy escaped by 



Exercises in Continued Discourse. 147 

means of their ships and betook themselves to another 
glace. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. pilots : use gubernator, oris. 

2. assembled : use cogo, ere, coegi, coactus. 

3. land: use pedester, tris, e. 

4. whenever: see 288. 3 ; A. & G. 548; H. 601. 4. 

19. 

End of the Struggle. 

Accordingly Caesar decided to wait for l the Roman 
fleet, which had long been detained by violent 2 storms. 
When this arrived, the Romans and Veneti engaged in 
a naval battle, 3 which lasted 4 from the fourth 5 hour 
until sunset. 6 Although the Veneti were superior 7 in 
number of vessels, the Romans finally conquered. 8 
For Brutus, who was in charge of the fleet, had 
equipped 9 his (men) with sharp 10 hooks 11 fastened 12 to 
long poles, 13 by means of which they cut 14 the rigging 15 
of the ships of the enemy. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. wait for : exspect5, 1 (transitive). 

2. violent : translate : very great. 

3. engaged in a battle: use pugnam committere (com- 
mitt5, ere, misl, missus). 

4. which lasted: begin a new sentence, and translate: it was 
fought (impers.). 

5. fourth : quartus, a, una. 

6. sunset: occasus solis (occasus, us). 



148 Latin Composition. 

7. vjere superior: use supero, 1. 

8. conquered: use vinco, ere, vicl, victus. 

9. equipped: use instruo, ere, strfixi, stractus. 

10. sharp : actitus, a, um. 

11. hooks : falx, falcis, f. 

12. fastened: use affig-o, ere, fixi, fixus. 

13. long poles: use longurius, I, m. 

14. cut : use abscldo, ere, cidi, scisus. 

15. rigging : rudentes, um, m. 



20. 

The Germans Invade Gaul. 

Although after three years Caesar had subdued l all 
the Gallic tribes which resisted Eoman authority, 2 yet 
the Germans were unwilling to remain in their own 
territory, and often crossed the Ehine into Gaul. In 
the consulship of Pompey and Crassus a large multi- 
tude of Usipetes 3 and Tencteri 4 had emigrated from 
home and come into the territory of the Belgae. 
Thinking it would be dangerous, 5 if he should allow 6 
these to remain, Caesar decided to bring war upon 
them. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. subdued: use dom5, are, ui, itus. 

2. authority : auctoritas, atis, f . 

3. Usipetes : Usipetes, um. 

4. Tencteri : Tencteri, orum. 

5. dangerous : periculosus, a, um. 

6. allow : sino, ere, sivi, situs. 



Exercises in Continued Discourse. 149 

21. 

Massacre of the Germans. 

The ambassadors of the Germans had asked Caesar 
to assign l them lands or to suffer them, with the sanc- 
tion 2 of the Koman people, to hold those which they 
had already seized in the territory of the Menapii. 
While the ambassadors were discussing 3 these matters 
with Caesar at 4 a conference, they were suddenly 
arrested. Caesar then marched out with all his forces 
and attacked the camp of the Germans, before they 
knew what had happened. Many thousands perished, 5 
and the rest returned into Germany. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. assign: tribuo, ere, ui, titus. 

2. sanction : voluntas, atis. 

3. were discussing : agS, ere, egl, actus. 

4. at : translate : in. 

5. perished: pereS, ire, ii, iturus. 



22. 

Condemnation of Caesar's Act. 

There were some l at Rome who blamed this act of 
Caesar. He himself says in his Commentaries that 
the Germans were merely 2 seeking a delay, 3 until the 
cavalry which they had sent across the Meuse 4 should 
return. Whether this suspicion was well-grounded 5 
or not, we do not know. Most (persons) believe that 



150 Latin Composition. 

Caesar was cruel and treacherous. In the Eoman 
Senate Cato even moved 6 that Caesar be given up 7 to 
the Germans, that they might take vengeance on him. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. some : n5nnulli, ae, a. 

2. merely : tantum. 

3. delay : mora, ae. 

4. Meuse : Mosa, ae. 

5. to ell-grounded : Justus, a, um. 

6. moved: cense5, ere, ui, census. 

7. given up : trado, ere, didi, ditus. 

23. 

Caesar Crosses the Rhine. 

The Ubii, who had been made tributaries 1 by the 
Suebi, a powerful German tribe, had already long be- 
fore, 2 through their envoys, entreated 3 Caesar to free 
them from the domination 4 of the Suebi. Besides 
this 5 the Usipetes and Tencteri had found safety and 
abodes among the Sugambri, another German tribe. 
For 6 these reasons Caesar decided to cross the Khine, 
and build a bridge of piles, 7 by which to lead 8 his 
troops across. But the Sugambri, as soon as they 
heard that Caesar was drawing near them, abandoned 9 
their villages and betook themselves into the forests. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. tributaries: vectigales, ium. 

2. long before : before by much. 



Exercises in Continued Discourse, 151 

3. entreated : obsecrS, 1. 

4. domination : dominatio, onis. 

5. besides this the Us ipetes had found : translate: it was added 
that the Usipetes had found. See Lesson XXXIV, Example 11. 

6. for : propter, prep, with ace. 

7. of piles : use the ablative; pile in Latin is sublica, ae. 

8. by which to lead across : use a Relative Clause of Purpose. 

9. abandoned : desero, ere, ui, sertus. 



24. 
Caesar's Second Invasion of Britain. 

In the consulship of Pompey and Crassus 1 Caesar 
first landed 2 an army in Britain. A year later 3 he 
set out a second time 4 for this island with five legions 
and a large number of cavalry. When he had disem- 
barked 5 his army and chosen a place suitable for a 
camp, he inquired from certain captives 6 where the 
enemy were, and was informed that, terrified by the 
multitude of Roman ships which they had seen, they 
had withdrawn far from the coast. 7 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. in the consulship of Pompey and Crassus : express by the 
Ablative Absolute. 

2. landed: expSno, ere, posui, positus. 

3. a year later : translate: aftenoards by a year. 

4. a second time : iterum. 

5. disembarked: use expono, as above, 
ti. captives: captivus, i, m. 

7. coast: litus, oris. 



152 Latin Composition. 

25. 

The Britons. 

Caesar tells (us) that at this time there were many 
large and very powerful tribes in Britain; that of 
these the most civilized 1 were those which inhabited 
Kent, 2 a region on the sea 3 ; that as money 4 they did 
not use gold and silver, 5 but copper and iron 6 ; that 
timber 7 of almost every kind grew 8 there, except 9 
beech and fir 10 ; that the Britons had hares, geese, and 
hens, 11 but thought it impious 12 to eat 13 these. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. civilized : humanus, a, urn. 

2. Kent : Cantium, I. 

3. on the sea: maritimus, a, um, 

4. as money : pro nummo : literally, for money. 

5. gold, silver: aurum, i; argentum, I. 

6. copper, iron : aes, aeris ; ferrum, I. 

7. timber : materia, ae. 

8. grew : nascor, i, natus. 

9. except : praeter; prep, with ace. 

10. beech, fir: fagus, I; abies, etis. 

11. hares, geese, hens: lepus, oris, m. ; anser, eris, m.; 
gallina, ae, f. 

12. impious : nefas, indecl. 

13. eat : ed5, ere, edi, esus. 

26. 

A Battle with the Britons. 

On the following : day our cavalry fought with the 
horsemen and charioteers 2 of the enemy, and drove 3 



^Exercises in Continued Discourse. 153 

thern from the plain across a small stream into the 
woods ; but following too eagerly, our men lost more 
than twenty 4 of their own number. 5 They then re- 
turned across the stream and were fortifying a camp, 
when suddenly the Britons rushed forth 6 from the 
woods and made an attack upon 7 our men engaged 8 
in the work. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. following : use posterus, a, um, here. 

2. charioteers: essedarius, I. 

3. drove : repello, ere, reppuli, pulsus. 

4. more than twenty : see 217. 3; A. & G. 407. c; H. 471. 4. 

5. of their own number : see Lesson XXIII, Remark 1. 

6. rushed forth : se eicio (eicio, ere, ejeci, ejectus). 

7. upon : in, with ace. 

8. engaged : versatus, a, um. 



27. 
Caesar Prepares to Return to Gaul. 

Finally the Britons sent envoys to Caesar with 
reference to 1 submission. 2 They promised they would 
give the hostages which he demanded, and furnish him 
grain and all things which he should need. 3 Caesar, 
since he wished to pass the winter on the continent, 4 
in order to see to it 5 that the Gauls made no 6 uprising, 7 
received the hostages and led his army back to the sea. 
Here he found the ships, which had been shattered 8 
by a storm, already repaired. 9 



154 Latin Composition. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. with reference to : de. 

2. submission : deditio, onis, f . 

3. which he should need : see Lesson XVI, Example 11. 

4. continent : continens, entis, f. ; abl. continent!. 

5. see to it : video, ere, vidi, visus. 

6. that the Gauls made no : translate : that the Gauls should not 
make any. 

7. uprising : motus, us, m. 

8. shattered: afl&ig5, ere, flixi, fiictus. 

9. repaired: reficio, ere, feci, fectus. 

28. 

Caesar's Second Expedition into Germany. 

In the following 1 year Caesar led his army a second 
time 2 into Germany, because the Suebi had sent help 
to the Treveri. He crossed the Rhine by a bridge a 
little above 3 that place where he had led his army 
across two years before. When he inquired of the 
Ubii where the Suebi were, he was informed that, as 
soon as they had learned of 4 Caesar's approach, they 
had betaken themselves into the midst of a forest of 
boundless 5 extent, 6 which is called Bacenis. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. following : posterus, a, una. 

2. a second time : iterum. 

3. above : supra, prep, with ace. 

4. of: de. 

5. boundless : infinitus, a, um. 

6. extent : magnitudo, inis, f . 



Exercises in Continued Discourse. 155 



Institutions of the Gauls — The Druids. 

Caesar tells (us) that in all Gaul those who were 
of any account 1 and honor were either Druids 2 or 
Knights; that the Druids attended to 3 the sacrifices 4 
both public 5 and private and the other religious 6 ob- 
servances; that they also decided 7 controversies, and 
determined 8 rewards 9 and punishments; that at the 
head 10 of all the Druids was one, who was regarded as 
the chief; that at a fixed time of year they all assem- 
bled in a consecrated place in the territory of the 
Carnutes. 11 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. account: numerus, I, in.; of account: express by the 
Ablative of Quality. 

2. Druids : Druides, um. 

3. attended to: pr5curo, 1 (transitive). 

4. sacrifices : sacrificium, 1, n. 

5. public, private : publicus, a, um ; privatus, a, um. 

6. religious observances : use religid, 5nis, f. 

7. decided : decerno, ere, crevi, cretus. 

8. determined : constitud, ere, ui, utus. 

9. rewards, punishments : praemium, I; poena, ae. 

10. ivas at the head: praesum, esse, fui. 

11. Carnutes : Carnutes, um. 

30. 

The Druids (continued). 

(Caesar tells us) That hither 1 came all who had 
controversies and submitted to 2 the decisions of the 
Druids; that the Druids themselves enjoyed exemp- 



156 Latin Composition. 

tion 3 from military service 4 and all other burdens, 5 
which the people bore ; that the system 6 originated 7 
in Britain and was transferred 8 from there 9 to Gaul ; 
and that those who wished to understand it better 
were wont 10 to go thither for the sake of learning (it). 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. hither: hue. 

2. submitted to : pareo, ere, ui, ittirus; governs the dative. 

3. exemption : immunitas, atis, f . 

4. from military service : use the genitive of militia, ae. 

5. burden : onus, eris, n. 

6. system : disciplina, ae, f . 

7. originated : orior, iri, ortus. 

8. was transferred : transfers, ferre, tuli, latus. 

9. from there : illinc. 

10. were wont : soleo, ere, solitus. 



31. 

The Gauls Plan an Uprising. 

A short time after 1 Caesar had set out for Italy, 
frequent 2 rumors 3 were brought to the Gauls that 
great dissensions had broken out 4 at Rome and that 
Caesar, detained on that account, 5 was not able to 
return to his army. Induced 6 by this opportunity, 7 
they began to adopt plans for waging war 8 ; nor did 
they doubt that they would be able to cut Caesar off 
from the army, if he should return into Gaul, since 
the legions did not dare 9 to march out from winter 
quarters without their commander. 10 



Exercises in Continued Discourse. 157 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. See p. 145, Exercise 16, Suggestion 1. 

2. frequent : creber, bra, brum. 

3. rumors: rumor, oris, m. 

4. break out : coorior, iri, coortus. 

5. on that account : propterea. 

6. induced : impello, ere, puli, pulsus. 

7. opportunity : here use occasio, onis, f. 

8. for waging war: use the genitive of the gerundive con- 
struction. 

9. dare : audeo, ere, ausus. 

10. commander : imperator, oris, m. 



32. 

Vercingetorix. 

The leader of this uprising 1 was Vercingetorix, an 
Arvernian, 2 a young man of the greatest ability and 
daring, 3 whose father for many years had held the 
leadership 4 of all Gaul and had finally been killed on 
the ground that 5 he sought regal power. When his 
plans became known, 6 the chieftains of the Arverni, 
who did not believe that the Roman power could be 
crushed at this time, endeavored to restrain him, 7 but 
Vercingetorix, having collected a large band, urged 
his (countrymen) to take arms for the sake of their 
common freedom. 8 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. uprising : motus, us, m. 

2. Arvernian : Arvernus, I. 

3. ability, daring : virtus, utis, f . ; audacia, ao, f . 

4. leadership : principatus, us, m. 



158 Latin Composition. 

5. on the ground that: quod ; 286; A. & G. 540. 2 ; H. 588. II. 

6. when his plans became known: translate: his plans having 
become known. As verb use cognosco, ere, novi, nitus. 

7. endeavored to restrain : express by the Conative Imperfect of 
coerceo, ere, ui, itus. 

8. freedom : llbertas, atis, f . 



33. 

Caesar Returns to Gaul. 

Meanwhile the Roman commander-in-chief suddenly 
returned to Gaul in the depth of winter. 1 He quickly- 
made ready those things which he regarded necessary 
for defending the province, and sent also a large force 2 
across the Cevennes 3 Mountain(s) into the territory of 
the Arverni. But he did not dare to remain here, 
fearing that he might be cut off from his army. 
Accordingly he came first to Vienne, 4 and from there, 5 
attended only by a few horsemen, he returned through 
the Haedui to his own troops. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. depth of winter : translate: middle of winter. 

2. force : use the plural, copiae. 

3. Cevennes: Cevenna, ae. 

4. Vienne : Vienna, ae. 

5. from there : hide. 

34. 
Vercingetorix is Accused of Treason. 

While these 1 (events) were in progress, 2 Vercin- 
getorix was accused of treason by his (countrymen), 



Exercises in Continued Discourse. 159 

because a few clays previously he had moved his camp 
nearer the Eomans ; because he had himself departed 
with the larger part of the Gallic horsemen ; because 
he had put no one in charge of the infantry 3 forces 
which he had left behind. 4 His enemies said that 
all these (things) could not have happened 5 without 
design, 6 and that he seemed to be seeking the regal 
power through Caesar's favor. 7 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. these : use the neuter. 

2. were in progress : use the passive of ago, ere, egi, actus. 
For the mood and tense, see 293. I ; A. & G. 556 ; H. 604. 1. 

3. infantry : use pedester, tris, tre. 

4. had left behind : relinquo, ere, liqui, lictus. 

5. could not have happened: translate: were not able to hap- 
pen; Lesson XLI, Remark 1. 

6. design: c5nsilium, i, n. 

7. favor : in this sense, gratia, ae, f. 



35. 

Vercingetorix's Defence. 

"As to the fact that 1 I moved the camp, I did this 
in order that we might find more fodder 2 ; as to my 
approaching 3 nearer the Komans, I simply 4 chose a 
place, which we could defend more easily ; as to my 
withdrawing 5 the cavalry, I wished to use it. I did 
not hand over to any one the forces which I left, lest 
he should be forced 6 by the multitude to fight, against 
my will. 7 " When he had said these and similar 



160 Latin Composition. 

(things), the whole multitude shouted 8 that they no 
longer 9 doubted concerning his loyalty. 10 



Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. as to the fact that: quod, with indicative. 

2. fodder : pabulum, I. For the proper case here, see Lesson 
XII, Example 7. 

3. as to my approaching : translate : as to the fact that I 
approached. Use appropinquo, 1. 

4. simply: tantum. 

5. as to my withdrawing : see Suggestion 3. For withdraw 
(transitive), use deduco, ere, duxi, ductus. 

6. be forced : cogo, ere, coegi, coactus. 

7. against my will : translate: I being unwilling. 

8. shouted : conclamo, 1. 

9. no longer : jam n5n. 
10. loyalty : fides, el, f . 



36. 

Final Revolt of the Gauls. 

Finally all the Gauls from the Pyrenees 1 to the 
Rhine, except the Eemi 2 and a few other states, re- 
volted, 3 hoping that they could drive the Romans out 
of Gaul and regain 4 their former freedom. The 
Haedui demanded that a leader chosen from their 
state should be placed in charge of the war, but the 
rest desired 5 Vercingetorix, who, having been ap- 
pointed commander-in-chief, betook himself to Alesia, 
a town well fortified 6 and stocked 7 with food and 
other supplies. 8 



Exercises in Continued Discourse. 161 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. Pyrenees : Pyrenaei montes. 

2. Remi: Remi, orum. 

3. revolted: denci5, ere, feci, fectum. 

4. regain: recupero, 1. 

5. desired: cupi5, ere, cupivi, itus. 

6. well fortified : use the superlative of munitus, a, urn. 

7. stocked : refertus, a, urn. 

8. supplies : opes, um. 



37. 

The Gauls Make Sorties from Alesia. 

The eighty thousand Gauls shut up 1 with Vercin- 
getorix in Alesia soon lacked food. 2 They determined 
therefore 3 to try 4 whether 5 they could break through 6 
the circumvallation " of the Eomans. Their first 
assault was repulsed, 8 but on the following 9 day they 
filled (up) the trenches of the enemy and drove the 
defenders from the rampart. 10 Then Labienus, sent 
thither by Caesar, collected the nearest cohorts and 
with four legions attacked the enemy. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. shut up : includo, ere, clusi, clusus. 

2. lacked food: translate: food was lacking to. Use desum, 
deesse, defui. 

3. therefore : igitur, post-positive. 

4. to try : c5nor, 1. 

5. whether: use si; 300. 3; A. & G. 576. a; H. 649. II. 3. 

6. break through : perrump5, ere, rupl, ruptus. 

7. circumvallation : vallum, I. 



162 Latin Composition. 

8. repulsed: repello, ere, reppuli, pulsus. 

9. following : posterus, a, um. 
10. rampart : agger, eris, m. 



38. 

Failure of the Gallic Cause. 

Before the eyes of Caesar himself, who came into 
view 1 at this crisis, 2 the Gauls were driven back, and 
the squadrons 3 of Roman cavalry that had come with 
Caesar, attacking their rear as they fled, 4 cut them to 
pieces. On the following day Vercingetorix, having 
called a council, declared that they must yield 5 to 
fortune and that he himself was prepared 6 to give him- 
self up 7 to the Roman commander-in-chief. Mounted 
on his horse 8 he advanced to the tribunal 9 of Caesar, 
surrendered himself and his weapons, and sat down 10 
in silence 11 on the steps 12 at 13 Caesar's feet. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. view : conspectus, us. 

2. ci-isis : discrimen, inis, n. 

3. squadrons : turma, ae. 

4. their rear as they fled : translate : the rear of (them) fleeing. 

5. they must yield : translate : it must be yielded ; impersonal 
use of the passive periphrastic conjugation. 

6. prepared : paratus, a, um. 

7. give himself up : se dedere. 

8. mounted on his horse: equo vectus; literally, borne by 
his horse. 

9. tribunal: tribunal, alis, n. 

10. sat down: consido, ere, sedi, sessum. 



Exercises in Continued Discourse. 163 

11. in silence : tacitus. 

12. steps : gradus, us. 

13. at: ad. 

39. 

Beginning of Strife between Pompey and Caesar. 

When Cae.sar had brought all Gaul under the power 
of the Bomans, he placed Titus Labienus in charge of 
these districts and himself set out for Italy. There 
he was informed that his enemies were urging that he 
be deprived of a part of his army. Caesar promised 
that he would disband l a part of his troops, if Pompey 
would do the same, and released 2 two legions. These 
he supposed 3 would, according 4 to the resolution 5 of 
the Senate, be sent to the Parthian 6 war, but he later 
found out that they had been handed over to Pompey. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. disband: dimitto, ere, misi, missus. 

2. released: remitto, ere, misi, missus. 

3. supposed: credo, ere, credidi, itus. 

4. according to : ex. 

5. resolution : consultum, i, n. 

6. Parthian : Parthicus, a, um. 



40. 

The Character of Caesar. 

It is difficult to form a correct judgment 1 concern- 
ing Caesar's character. 2 It is admitted 3 that in early 



164 Latin Composition. 

life 4 he was dissolute, 5 and that afterwards he showed 
no regard 6 for justice and the laws. Yet he was (a 
man) of exceptional 7 foresight, 8 and saw not only from 
what evils the state was suffering 9 but also by what 
means 10 these could be checked. 11 Yet on account of 
his premature 12 death we cannot say how success- 
fully 13 he would have organized 14 the government, 15 
if he had lived. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. form a correct judgment : recte judicare. 

2. character: ingenium. 

3. it is admitted : constat. 

4. in early life : express by adulescens in agreement with the 
subject of the dependent infinitive. 

5. dissolute : libidinosus, a, um. 

6. showed no regard : ' to show no regard ' is in Latin non 
rationem habere, construed with a gen. of the thing. 

7. exceptional : singularis, e. 

8. foresight : prudentia, ae. 

9. was sufering from : laboro, 1; with abl. 

10. means: ratio, 5nis. 

11. be checked : contineo, ere, ui, tentus. 

12. premature : praematurus, a, um. 

13. successfully : feliciter. 

14. would have organized: constituo, ere, ui, utus; for the 
mood and tense, see 322. b. 

15. government : res publica. 



SPECIMENS OF LATIN COMPOSITION 
ENTRANCE PAPERS SET BY REP- 
RESENTATIVE INSTITUTIONS. 

The sea was so full of pirates that no Roman sailed 
there in safety. Traders were afraid that their for- 
tunes would not be safe. Even armies crossed in the 
dead of winter to escape the pirates ; for they knew 
that a fleet which had a consul for commander had 
been sunk at Ostia. When men asked who was de- 
fending the provinces, the answer was that no one 
was defending them, that perhaps the city of Rome 
itself would be taken. — Based on Cicero: Manilian 
Law, 31-33. — Harvard, 1904 {Advanced). 

Since you have now captured the wicked leaders 
of this dangerous and nefarious conspiracy you may 
(debere) consider all the hopes, all the sources of 
Catiline to be ruined (concidere). For I drove him 
from the city because I knew that he alone was to be 
feared, but only as long as he was within the walls of 
the city. He, indeed, knew everything ; he selected 
apt men and persuaded them to perform the most 
shameful deeds. When he had conceived (capere) a 
plan, his tongue and his hands were always ready to 
accomplish it. When, therefore, I drove him from the 
city into the camp I relieved you from the greatest 
burden and anxiety, so that you might live in peace. 
165 



166 Latin Composition. 

For if Catiline had remained in the city we should al- 
ways have to fight against him. But since he is gone, 
there is no reason why we should fear either Lentulus 
or Cassius or Cethegus. — Yale, 1903. 

1. Was it not because the Haedui could not defend 
themselves that they sent envoys to Caesar to ask his 
aid? 

2. When everything had been prepared for de- 
parture, there came storms which kept our soldiers 
in camp. 

3. I think no one can deny that all these things 
which we see are ruled by the power of the gods. 

4. Who doubts that our soldiers have already gained 
possession of the smaller camp ? — College Entrance 
Board, 1903 {Elementary). 

At last all the conspirators confessed everything 
that they had been charged with by the Gauls. There 
were, beside, the clearest proofs of their crime. W T hen 
these had been exhibited to the Senate, Cicero asked 
what they thought should be done. 

Before the Senate's decree was written out, he told 
the people, in his third oration against Catiline, de- 
livered on the 3d of December, 63 b.c. {express date in 
the Roman manner, giving names of consuls), what its 
substance was. 

A thanksgiving had been voted to the gods, because 
by their help he had saved the city from destruction 
and Italy from war. Such an honor as this had 



Specimen Entrance Papers. 167 

never fallen to the lot of any civilian since the 
foundation of Rome. Moreover, this thanksgiving 
differed from all previous ones in that they had been 
ordained because of good conduct of public affairs, 
but this alone for the preservation of the state. — Col- 
lege Entrance Board, 1903 {Advanced). 

If there had been a larger supply of grain in this 
camp, I should not have informed you that our sol- 
diers were without food. Since I did not know what 
else we could do, I sent to you these messengers that 
we might learn whether you could send us help. No 
one doubted that you were in the same place near the 
territory of the Allobroges. — College Entrance Board, 
1904 {Elementary). 

If Cicero had not urged the Senate to declare that 
the conspirators were no longer citizens, on the ground 
that they had plotted against their country, he him- 
self would have acted more justly and his enemies 
would have been unable later to secure his banishment. 
Nevertheless we must not believe that Cicero was in- 
fluenced by bad motives. No one ought to doubt that 
he was very fond of his country and was desirous only 
of protecting his fellow-citizens from destruction. 
Without doubt he had persuaded himself that the 
safety of the country demanded the death of the con- 
spirators. But he ought to have known that he was 
putting them to death contrary to law. — College En- 
trance Board, 1904 {Advanced). 



GENERAL VOCABULARY. 



Note. — Words enclosed in parentheses are not themselves defined, but are 
inserted to assist in the definition of other words. Regular verbs of the first 
conjugation are indicated by the numeral 1 following the present indicative. 



able, be able, possum, posse, 

potui. 
abode, domicilium, 1, n. 
about, concerning, de, prep. 

with abl. 
about, around, circum, prep. 

with ace. 
absent, be absent, absum, esse, 

afui, afutiirus. 
accept, accipio, ere, cepi, 

ceptus. 
accomplish, efficio, ere, feci, 

fectus ; conficio, ere, feci, 

fectus. 
accordingly, itaque. 
(account) , on account of, prop- 
ter, prep, with ace. 
accuse, accuso, 1. 
accustomed, am accustomed, 

perfect tenses of consuesco, 

ere, suevi, suetus. 
acquainted, be acquainted 

with, perfect tenses of 

cognosce, ere, novi, nitus. 
across, trans, prep, with ace. 
act, factum, 1, n. 
(added), be added, accedo, ere, 



cessi, cessurus ; literally, 

approach; it is added, ac- 

cedit, ere, accessit. 
adjudge, judico, 1. 
admire, admiror, 1. 
admonition, give admonition, 

admoneo, ere, ui, itus. 
adopt (a plan), capio, ere, cepi, 

captus. 
advance, progredior, I, gressus 

sum. 
advantage, commodum, I, n. ; 

usus, us, m. 
advice, consilium, I, n. 
advise, moneo, ere, ui, itus. 
advocate, promoter, auctor, 

oris, m. 
afraid, be afraid, timeo, ere, 

ui. 
Africa, Africa, ae, f. 
after, postquam, conj. 
after, post, prep, with ace. 
afterwards, postea. 
against, in, prep, with ace. 
against, contrary to, contra, 

prep, with ace. 
(age), at the age of, natus, con- 
strued with the ace. of the 

age. 



169 



170 



Latin Composition. 



ago, ante, adv. 

aid, subsidium, I, n. 

Alesia, Alesia, ae, f. 

alive, vivus, a, um. 

all, omnis, e. 
all the best, noblest, etc., 
quisque, with superl. 

allies, socii, orum, m. 

Allobroges, Allobroges, um, m. 

allow, sino, ere, sivi, situs. 

almost, paene. 

Alps, Alpes, ium, f. 

already, jam. 

already for a long time, jam 
diu. 

also, etiam ; quoque, post-posi- 
tive. 

alter, converts, ere, vertl, ver- 
sus. 

although, though, quamquam ; 
quamvis ; cum. 

always, semper. 

ambassador, legatus, 1, m. 

ambush, insidiae, arum, f. 

among, apud, prep, with ace. 
among, between, in the midst 

of, inter, prep, with ace. 
among, in, in, prep, with abl. 

ancestors, majores, um, m. 

ancient, pristinus, a, um ; anti- 
quus, a, um. 

and, et; -que (enclitic); atque. 
and not, neve, neu ; neque. 
and yet, quamquam. 

angry, be angry, Irascor, I, con- 
strued with dat. 

announce, niintid, 1. 

another, alius, a, ud. 



answer, responded, ere, spondi, 
spSnsum. 

anybody, any one, anything, 
quisquam, quaequam, quic- 
quam; quis, quid. 

Apollo, Apollo, inis, m. 

appearance, species, el, f. 

appoint, constituo, ere, ui, utus. 
appoint, elect, creo, 1 ; ap- 
point (a dictator), died, 
ere, dixi, dictus. 

approach, adventus, us, m. 

approach somebody or some- 
thing, adeo, ire, ii, itus 
(trans.) ; accedo, ere, cessi, 
cessurus, followed by ad 
with ace. 

approve, probo, 1. 

April, of April, Aprilis, e. 

Aquileia, Aquileia, ae, f. 

Aquitania, Aquitania, ae, f. 

Arar, Arar, aris, m. 

archer, Sagittarius, i, m. 

Ariovistus, Ariovistus, I, m. 

arm, anno, 1. 

armament, armor, armatura, 
ae, f. 

armed, armatus, a, um. 

arms, weapons, arma, orum, n. 

army, exercitus, us, m. 
army (on the march), ag- 
men, inis, n. 

arrest, comprehendo, ere, hendl, 
hensus. 

arrival, adventus, us, m. 

arrive, advenio, ire, veni, ven- 
tum ; pervenio, ire, veni, 
ventum. 



General Vocabulary. 



171 



arrogant, insolens, entis. 
Arverni, Arverni, orum, m. 
as, ut. 
as, when, cum ; ut ; ubi. 
as, correlative with previous 

so or as, quam. 
as = so, tarn. 
as if, as though, quasi, 
as long as, dum. 
as not to, after so, such, 
etc., in a negative clause, 
quin. 
as soon as, simul atque (ac). 
ascent, ascensus, us, m. 
ashamed, it shames, pudet, ere, 

uit, impersonal. 
ask (a question), rogo ; inter- 
rogo, 1. 
ask, inquire of, quaero, ere, 

quaesivi, quaesitus. 
ask, request, rogo, 1. 
assassination, caedes, is, f. 
assault, oppugnatio, onis, f. 
assemble (intrans.), convenio, 

ire, veni, ventum. 
assembly, concilium, i, n. 
assistance, auxilium, i, n. 
at, ad, prep, with ace. ; also in, 
prep, with abl. 
(at hand) , be at hand, adsum, 

esse, adfui, adfuturus. 
at once, statim. 
attack (noun), impetus, us, m. 
attack (verb), adorior, iri. ortus 
sum. 
attack, assault (a town), op- 
pugno, 1. 
attempt, conor, 1. 



attend, accompany, comitor, 1. 
authority, auctoritas, atis, f. 
auxiliaries, auxilia, orum, n. 
avail, valeo, ere, ui, iturus. 
avenge, ulciscor, i, ultus. 
avenue, avenue of approach, 

aditus, us, m. 
avoid, vito, 1. 
await, exspect5, 1. 
away, be away, be distant, ab- 

sum, esse, afui, afuturus. 

B. 

bad, malus, a, um. 

baggage, impedimenta, orum, 

n. 
band, manus, us, f. 
baneful, capitalis, e. 
bank, ripa, ae, f. 
barbarians, barbari, orum, m. 
battle, proelium, i, n. ; pugna, 

ae, f . 
be, sum, esse, fui, futurus. 
be without, careo, ere, ui, itu- 
rus. 
bear, fero, ferre, tuli, latus. 
bear in mind, memini, isse, 

with gen. of the person, 
because, quod ; quia ; cum. 
become, fid, fieri, factus sum. 
before, in the presence of, 

apud, ad, preps, with ace. 
before, ante ; antea, adv. 
before, antequam, priusquam, 

conj. 
beg, oro, 1. 
begin, coepi, coepisse ; when 

governing a pass. inf. the 



172 



Latin Co mp o sition . 



perf . ind. is regularly coep- 

tus est. 
begin (a thing) , institud, ere, 

ui, iitus ; begin (battle) , 

proelium committo, ere, 

misi, missus. 
beginning, initium, I, n. 
behold, aspicio, ere, spexi, 

spectus. 
Belgians, Belgae, arum, m. 
believe, credo, ere, credidi, 

credit us. 
besides (prep.), praeter, with 

ace. 
besides (adv.), praeterea. 
best, superl. of bonus, 
betake oneself, recipio, ere, 

cepi, ceptus, with a re- 
flexive, 
betray, prodo, ere, prodidi, 

ditus. 
better, adj., melior ; adv., 

melius, 
between, inter, prep, with ace. 
Bibracte, Bibracte, is, n. 
Bibulus, Bibulus, i, m. 
blame (noun), culpa, ae, f. 
blame (verb), culpo, 1. 
blessing, commodum, i, n. 
block, obstruct, obstruo, ere, 

striixi, structus. 
bloodshed, caedes, is, f. 
blue, caeruleus, a, um. 
boast, make a boast, glorior, 1. 
boat, navigium, i, n. 
body, corpus, oris, n. 
book, liber, libri, m. 
booty, praeda, ae, f. 



borders, fines, ium, m. 

born, be born, nascor, i, natus 

sum. 
born, natus, a, um. 
both . . . and, et . . . et. 
both, each, uterque, utraque, 

utrumque. 
boy, puer, eri, m. 
brave, fortis, e. 
bravely, fortiter. 
bravery, fortitudo, inis, f. 
break (of camp), moveo, ere, 

movi, motus. 
bridge, pons, pontis, m. 
bring, affer5, ferre, attuli, al- 

latus. 
bring back, reduco, ere, duxi, 

ductus, 
bring back word, refero, 

ferre, rettuli, relatus. 
bring under, redigo, ere, egi, 

actus, 
bring on or upon, inf erd, ferre, 

intuli, illatus ; with dat. 

of indir. obj. 
Britain, Britannia, ae, f. 
Britons, Britanni, orum, m. 
broad, latus, a, um. 
brother, f rater, tris, m. 
brushwood, virgulta, orum, n. 
build, struo, ere, striixi, struc- 
tus ; (a bridge) facio, ere, 

feci, factus. 
burn (tr.), of things, comburo, 

ere, ussi, ustus ; of per- 
sons, cremo, 1. 
but (if strongly adversative), 

sed. 



General Vocabulary. 



173 



but (denoting transition), au- 

tem, post-positive, 
but if, sin. 
buy, emo, ere, emi, emptus. 
by (of personal agent), a, ab, 
prep, with abl. 
by no means, minime. 



Caesar, Caesar, is, m. 
call, name, appello, 1. 
call, summon, voco, 1. 
call together, convoco, 1. 
camp, castra, orum, n. 
can, be able, possum, posse, 

potui. 
captive, captivus, i, m. 
capture, capio, ere, cepi, captus. 
care, ciira, ae, f. 
carry, porto, 1. 
carry (in), infero, ferre, 

intuli, illatus. 
Carthage, Karthago, inis, f. 
Cassius, Cassius, I, m. 
Casticus, Casticus, i, m. 
Catamantaloedes, Catamanta- 

loedes, is, m. 
Cato, Cato, onis, m. 
cause, causa, ae, f. 
cavalry, equitatus, us, m. ; 

equites, um, m. pi. 
cease, desisto, ere, destiti. 
centurion, centurio, onis, m. 
century (military division) , cen- 

turia, ae, f. 
certain, certain one, quidam, 

quaedam, quiddam or 

quoddam. 



change (of affairs), res novae, 
rerum novarum, f. 

character, nature, natura, ae, f. 
character, acquired charac- 
ter, mores, um, m. 

characteristic of, proprius, a, 
um. 

charge, be in charge, praesum, 
esse, fui, construed with 
dat. 
charge, put in charge, prae- 
ficio, ere, feci, fectus, 
construed with dat. 

chariot, war chariot, essedum, 
l, n. 

cherish, colo, ere, colui, cultus. 

chief, princeps, ipis, m. 

chieftain, princeps, ipis, m. 

children, liberi, drum, m. 

choose, deligo, ere, legi, lectus. 

Cincinnatus, Cincinnatus, I, m. 

citizen, fellow-citizen, civis, 
is, m. 

city, urbs, urbis, f. 

civil, civilis, e. 

clear, be clear, constat, are, 
stitit, impersonal. 

clearly hear, exaudio, ire, Ivi, 
Itus. 

climb, ascendo, ere, endi, en- 
sus. 
climb over, transcendo, ere, 
scendi. 

cohort, cohors, rtis, f. 

collect, colligo, ere, legi, lec- 
tus. 

colony, colonia, ae, f. 

come, venio, ire, veni, ventum. 



174 



Latin Composition. 



come up, arrive, advenio, ire, 

veni, ventum. 
command, mandatum, 1, n. 
commander, dux, ducis, in. ; 

imperator, oris, m. 
commander-in-chief, impera- 
tor, oris, m. 
commentary, commentarius, 1, 

m. 
common, communis, e. 
complain, queror, i, questus 

sum. 
complete, perficio, ere, feci, 

fectus. 
complexion, color, oris, m. 
comrade, commilito, onis, m. 
concern, it concerns, interest, 

esse, f uit ; refert, f erre, re- 

tulit, impersonal, 
concerning, de, prep, with 

abl. 
condemn, condemno, 1. 
conduct, manage, gero, ere, 

gessi, gestus. 
confer (with), colloquor, 1, 

locutus. 
conference, colloquium, I, n. 
confidence, trustworthiness, 

fides, ei, f. 
confident, confidens, entis. 
confusion, tumultus, us, m. 
congratulate, gratulor, ari, 

atus sum, with the dat. 
consecrate, consecro, 1. 
consequence, in consequence 

of, propter, prep, with ace. 
consider, regard, puto, 1 ; ex- 

istimo, 1. 



conspiracy, conjuratio, onis, f. 
conspirators, conjurati, orum, 

m. 
conspire, conjiiro, 1. 
consternation, perturbatio, 

onis, f. 
consul, consul, is, m. 
consulship, consulatus, us, m. 
consult, consulo, ere, ui, sultus, 

with the ace. 
consult for, consulo, ere, ui, 

sultus, with the dat. 
contempt, contemptio, onis, f. 
contented, contentus, a, um. 
contrary to, contra, prep, with 

ace. 
controversy, controversia, ae, 

f. 
convict, condemno, 1. 
council, concilium, i, n. 
country, native country, patria, 

ae, f. 
country (as opposed to the 

city), rus, ruris, n. 
courage, animus, I, m. 
courageously, fortiter. 
cowardice, ignavia, ae, f. 
Crassus, Crassus, i, m. 
crime, scelus, eris, n. 
cross, transeo, ire, ii, iturus. 
cruel, crudelis, e. 
cruelty, crudelitas, atis, f. 
crush, opprimo, ere, press!, 

pressus. 
cry (of distress), ploratus, us, 

m. 
cultivate, colo, ere, colui, cul- 

tus. 



General Yoeahulary. 



175 



custom, mos, moris, m. 

cut off, intercludo, ere, clusi, 

clusus. 
cut to pieces, occido, ere, cidi, 

cisus. 

D. 

danger, periculum, 1, n. 

dare, audeo, ere, ausus. 

daughter, filia, ae, f. 

day, dies, ei, m. 

dead, mortuus, a, um. 

deadly, capitalis, e. 

dear, cams, a, um. 

death, mors, mortis, f. 

to death, with verbs of con- 
demning, capite (caput, 
itis, n.). 

decide, constitu5, ere, ui, utus. 

decision, judicium, I, n. 

declare, declaro, 1. 

decree, decerno, ere, crevi, 
cretus. 

dedicate, dedico, 1. 

deed, factum. I, n. 

deep, altus, a, um. 

defeat, supero, 1. 

defence, defensio, onis, f. 

defend, defendo, ere, fendi, 
fensus. 

defender, defensor, oris, m. 

delay, moror, 1. 

deliberate, delibero, 1. 

deliver (a speech), habeo, ere, 
ui, itus. 
deliver from, libero, 1. 

Delos, Delos, l, f. 

demand (verb), postulo, 1 j 



flagito, 1 ; posc5, ere, po- 

posci. 
demand (noun), postulatum, 

l, n. 
depart, decedd, ere, cessi, ces- 

surus. 
departure, decessus, us, m. 
depend, nitor, I, nisus or nixus 

sum. 
deprive, priv5, 1. 
desert, desero, ere, serui, ser- 

tus. 
deserter, perfuga, ae, m. „, 
desire, wish, opto, 1. 
desire, eagerness, cupiditas, 

atis, f . ; libido, inis, f . 
desirous, cupidus, a, um ; avi- 

dus, a, um. 
desist, desisto, ere, destiti. 
despair of, despero, 1, with the 

ace. 
despise, contemno, ere, tempsi, 

temptus. 
destroy, wipe out, deled, ere, 

evi, etus. 
destroy, break down, re- 

scindo, ere, scidi, scissus. 
detain, retineo, ere, ui, ten- 

tus. 
devote, devote one's self to 

something, dedo, ere, de- 

didi, deditus, with a re- 
flexive pronoun. 
Diana, Diana, ae, f. 
dictator, dictator, oris, m. 
die, morior, mori, mortuus 

sum. 
difficult, dimcilis, e. 



176 



Latin Composition. 



difficulty, difficultas, atis, f. 
dig (a trench), duco, ere, duxi, 

ductus, lit. lead, run. 
disagree, dissentio, Ire, sensi. 
disaster, clades, is, f. 
discipline, disciplina, ae, f. 
discuss, disputo, 1. 
disembark, e navi or navibus 

egredior, i, gressus. 
dissension, dissensio, onis, f. 
distant, be distant, absum, esse, 

afui, afuturus. 
distribute, distribuo, ere, ui, 

iitus. 
district, regio, onis, f. 
ditch, fossa, ae, f. 
Divico, Divico, onis, in. 
Divitiacus, Divitiacus, i, m. 
do, facio, ere, feci, factus. 
doubt, dubito, 1. 
draw near, appropinquo, 1, 

construed with dat. 
draw on, lure on, traho, ere, 

traxi, tractus. 
draw up, instruo, ere, struxi, 

striictus. 
drive, drive away, drive out, 

drive from, expello, ere, 

puli, pulsus, 
drive back, repello, ere, rep- 
pull, repulsus. 
Druids, Druides, um, m. 
Dumnorix, Dumnorix, igis, m. 
duty, officium, i, n. 
dwell, incolo, ere, colui, cultus ; 

figuratively, insum, inesse, 

infui, construed with in 

and the abl. 



E. 

each, quisque, quaeque, quic- 

que. 
each (of two), uterque, utra- 

que, utrumque. 
each other, for the first and 

second persons, use the 

plural of ego and tu ; for 

the third person, use sui. 
eager, eager for, cupidus, a, um, 

with the gen. 
eagerly, acriter. 
eagerness, zeal, studium, i, n. ; 

cupiditas, atis, f. 
eagle, aquila, ae, f. 
earnestly, vehementer. 
easily, facile, 
easy, facilis, e. 
efforts, opera, ae, f. 
eight, octo, indecl. 
eighteen, duodeviginti, indecL 
eighth, octavus, a, um. 
eight hundred, octingenti, ae, a. 
eighty, octoginta. 
either ... or, aut . . . aut, if the 

two alternatives exclude 

each other ; otherwise vel 

. . . vel. 
either, either one (of two), 

utervis, utravis, ut rum vis. 
eldest, maximus, maximus 

natu. 
elect, creo, 1. 

election, comitia, orum, n. 
elevated, excelsus, a, um. 
else, alius, a, ud. 
embankment, agger, eris, m. 



General Vocabulary. 



177 



embezzlement, peculatus, us, 

m. 
emigrate, emigr5, 1. 
empty, inanis, e. 
(end), at the end of, extremus, 

a, um, with a substantive, 
endure, perfero, ferre, tuli, 

latus. 
enemy (in military sense), hos- 

tis, is, c. ; (collectively), 

hostes, ium, m. 
personal enemy, inimicus, 1, 

m. 
energy, virtus, utis, f. 
enjoin, enjoin upon, praecipio, 

ere, cepi, ceptus, construed 

with dat. of the person, 
enjoy, fruor, I, fruiturus. 
enough, satis. 
enroll, conscribo, ere, scrips!, 

scriptus. 
enter into, enter upon, ineo, 

ire, ii, itus. 
entire, totus, a, um. 
entirely, omnino. 
envoy, legatus, I, m. 
envy, invideo, ere, vidi, visum, 

with dat. 
error, error, oris, m. 
escape, get away (intrans.), 

evado, ere, vasi, vasum. 
escape something, effugio, 

ere, fugi, fugitiirus. 
especially, praecipue. 
even, etiam. 
not even, ne . . . quidem, with 

the emphatic word or 

phrase between. 



ever, at any time, unquam. 

ever, always, semper, 
every, omnis, e. 
evil (noun), malum, I, n. 
excellent, egregius, a, um. 
except, praeter, prep, with ace. 
excuse, excusatio, onis, f. 
exempt, liber, a, um. 
exercise, utor, I, iisus. 
exhibit, praesto, are, stiti, 

stitus. 
(expected, supposed, — sooner, 

larger) than expected or 

supposed, opinione, abl. of 

opinio, onis. 
experienced, peritus, a, um. 
exploits, res gestae, re rum ges- 

tarum, f. 
extend (thanks), ago, ere, egi, 

actus, 
eye, oculus, 1, m. 

F. 
faction, f actio, onis, f. 
fair, just, aequus, a, um. 
fall upon, incido, ere, incidi, 

with the dat. 
family, stock, genus, eris, n. 
famous, clarus, a, um. 
far, longe, adv. 
farther, ulterior, us. 
fate, latum, 1, n. 
father, pater, patris, m. 
favor, beneficium, I, n. 
fear (noun), metus, us, m. 
fear (verb), metuo, ere, ui ; 

vereor, eri, itus. 
fertile, ferax, acis. 



178 



Latin Composition. 



few, pauci, ae, a. 

very few, perpauci, ae, a. 
field, ager, agri, m. 
fifteen, quindecim. 
fifth, quintus, a, urn. 
fight, pugno, 1. 
fill, compleo, ere, evi, etus. 
filled, completus, a, um. 
filled, crowded full of, refer- 

tus, a, um. 
finally, postremo. 
find (by searching), reperio, 

ire, repperi, repertus. 
find, come upon, invenio, ire, 

veni, ventus. 
find out something (by inves- 
tigation), comperio, ire, 

peri, pertus. 
find (good, bad, etc.), utor, 

1, usus, with pred. abl. 
find, secure, obtain, pario, 

ere, peperi, partus ; nan- 

ciscor, I, nactus. 
finish, perficio, ere, feci, fectus ; 

conficio, ere, feci, fectus. 
first, primus, a, um. 
first (adv.), primum ; at first, 

primo. 
fit, idoneus, a, um. 
five, quinque. 
fixed, certus, a, um. 
flee, fugio, ere, fugi, fugiturus. 
fleet, classis, is, f. 
flight, fuga, ae, f. 
flourishing, florens, entis. 
follow, sequor, I, secutus. 
follower, comes, itis, c. 
folly, stultitia, ae, f. 



food, cibus, I, m. 

foot, pes, pedis, m. 
foot of, base of, Imus, a, um. 

foot-soldier, pedes, itis, m. 

for, denoting purpose, ad, prep, 
with ace. ; denoting motion, 
in, with ace. 

for (conj.), nam ; or enim, post- 
positive. 

forbid, veto, are, ui, itus. 

force, compel, cogo, ere, coegi, 
coactus. 

force, vis, vis, f. 
forces, copiae, arum, f. 

foresight, prudentia, ae, f. 

forest, silva, ae, f. 

forget, obliviscor, I, oblitussum. 

form, make, facio, ere, feci, f ac- 
tus. 

former . . . (latter), ille, a, ud. 

former, with reference to the 
present, superior, us. 

formerly, olim. 

fortification, munitio, onis, f. 

fortify, munio, ire, ivi, itus. 

fortune, fortiina, ae, f. 

fortune (in sense of prop- 
erty), fortunae, arum, f. 

forty, quadraginta. 

Forum, Forum, I, n. 

found, condo, ere, didi, ditus. 

four, quattuor. 

frame, corpus, oris, n. 

free (adj.), liber, a, um. 

free (verb), libero, 1. 

freedom, libertas, atis, f. 

friend, amicus, I, m. ; arnica, 
ae, f. 



General Vocabulary. 



179 



friendly, amicus, a, um. 

friendship, amicitia, ae, f. 

from, a, ab ; from, out of, e, ex ; 
down from, de ; preposi- 
tions with abl. 
from the vicinity of, a, ab, 

with abl. 
from (after verbs of hinder- 
ing, etc.), quo minus, 
ne, quin. 

fruit, fructus, us, m. 

full, plenus, a, um. 

furnish, praebeo, ere, ui, itus. 

furthest, superl. of longe. 

G. 

gain possession of, potior, in, 

itus. 
Gaius, Gaius, I, m. ; abbreviated 

C. 
Galba, Galba, ae, m. 
Gallic, Gallicus, a, um. 
garrison, praesidium, I, n. 
gate, porta, ae, f. 
gather (intrans.), convenio, ire, 

veni, ventum. 
gather (trans.), cogo, ere, coegi, 

coactus. 
Gaul, a Gaul, Gallus, I, m. 
Gaul, the country, Gallia, 

ae, f. 
general, dux, ducis, m. 
Geneva, Genava, ae, f. 
Gergovia, Gergovia, ae, f. 
German, Germanus, a, um ; as 

noun, German!, orum, m. 
Germany, Germania, ae, f. 
get possession, potior, in, itus. 



get ready (trans.), comparo, 1. 
gift, donum, I, n. 
give, do, dare, dedi, datus. 
glory, gloria, ae, f. 
Gnaeus, Gnaeus, 1, m. ; abbre- 
viated Cn. 
go, eo, ire, Ivi, itum. 
go around, circumeo, ire, ii, 

itus. 
go away, abeo, ire, ii, itiirus. 
go forth, exeo, ire, ii, itum. 
good, bonus, a, um. 
gradually, paulatim. 
grain, frumentum, I, n. 
grant, do, dare, dedi, datus ; 

concedo, ere, cessi, ces- 

siirus. 
great, magnus, a, um. 

greatest (of qualities), sum- 

mus, a, um. 
greatly, magnopere. 
grieve, grieve over, doleo, ere, 

ui, itiirus. 
guard, protection, praesidium, 

i, n. 
guard, a guard, ciistos, 

odis, c. 
guardian, ciistos, odis, c. 

H. 

habit, mos, moris, m. 

Haeduan (adj.), Haeduus, a, 
um ; as noun, Haeduus, I, 
m. ; Haedui, Haedui, orum. 

hand, manus, us, f. 

(hand), on (left) hand, 
(right) hand, etc., parte 
(abl. of pars, partis, f.). 



180 



Latin Composition. 



hand, be at hand, adsum, esse, 
adfui, adfuturus. 

hand, be on hand, suppeto, 
ere, ivi or ii, ltum. 

handover, trado, ere, didi, ditus. 

happen, be done, fio, fieri, f ac- 
tus, 
happen, accido, ere, I ; acci- 
dit, ere, accidit, imper- 
sonal. 

harbor, portus, us, m. 

hardship, labor, oris, m. 

harm, do harm, noceo, ere, ui, 
itiirus, with dat. of indi- 
rect obj. 

hasten (to do something), ma- 
turo, 1 ; hasten, press on, 
contendo, ere, endi, entum. 

hate, odi, odisse. 

hateful, odiosus, a, urn. 

hatred, odium, I, n. 

haughty, superbus, a, um. 

have, habeo, ere, ui, itus. 

he who, is qui. 

hear, audio, ire, ivi, itus. 
hear clearly, exaudio, ire, 
ivi, itus. 

heavy, gravis, e. 

height, altitudo, inis, f. 

help (noun), auxilium, i, n. 

help (verb), juvo, are, juvi, 
jiitus. 

Helvetii, Helvetians, Helvetii, 
orum, m. 

her, suus, a, um, reflexive. 

here, hie. 
here, be here, adsum, esse, 
fui, futurus. 



hide, celo, 1. 
high, altus, a, um. 
high (of price), magnus, a, 

um. 
higher, at a higher price 

(with verbs of valuing, 

buying, and selling), plu- 

ris. 
highest (of qualities), sum- 

mus, a, um. 
hill, collis, is, m. 
hillock, tumulus, i, m. 
himself, herself, etc., reflexive, 

sui, sibi, se. 
hinder, impede, impedio, ire, 

ivi, itus. 
hindrance, impedimentum, i, n. 
his, suus, a, um, reflexive, 
hither, citerior, us. 
hitherto, antea. 
hold, teneo, ere, ui. 
hold, regard, habeo, ere, ui, 

itus. 
(home), at home, do mi. 
from home, domo. 
to one's home, domum. 
honest, upright, probus, a, um. 
honor (noun), honor, oris, m. 
honor (verb), honoro, 1. 
honorable, honestus, a, um. 
hope, spes, ei, f. 
hope, hope for, spero, 1, with 

the ace. 
horse, equus, i, m. 
horseman, eques, itis, m. 
hostage, obses, idis, c. 
hostile, inimicus, a, um. 
hour, hora, ae, f. 



G-eneral Vocabulary. 



181 



how, if used to introduce the 
sentence as a whole, qui 
or quo modo in direct ques- 
tions, quo modo or ut in 
indirect ; quam, if used to 
modify an adjective or ad- 
verb in the sentence, 
how great, quantus, a, um. 
how many, quot, indecl. 
how much, quantum, fol- 
lowed by gen. of the 
whole. 

however (much), quamvis. 

huge, ingens, entis. 

humanity, humanitas, atis, f. 

hundred, centum. 

hunger, fames, is, f . ; abl. sing. 
fame. 

hurl, conicio, ere, conjeci, con- 
jectus. 

hurry, contends, ere, tendi, 
tentus. 

I. 

I, ego^ mei. 

Ides, Tdus, uum, f. 

if, si, conj. 

if not, si minus, when the verb 

is omitted, 
ignorant, ignarus, a, um. 
illustrious, illustris, e. 
imbue, imbuo, ere, ui, utus. 
imitate, imitor, 1. 
immediately, statim. 
immortality, immortalitas, atis, 

f. 
impel, impello, ere, impuli, im- 

pulsus. 



imperator, imperator, oris, m. 

in, in, prep, with abl. 

inch, digitus, I, m. 

inclined to think, haud scio 

an. 
indulge, indulged, ere, dulsi, 

dulturus. 
infantry, pedites, um, m. 
inflame, incendo, ere, cendi, 

census, 
inflict on, infer5, ferre, intuli, 

illatus ; with dat. 
influence, auctoritas, atis, f. 
inform, certiorem facio, ere, 

feci, factus. 
be informed, certior fio, fieri, 

factus. 
inhabit, incolo, ere, ui, cul- 

tus. 
inhabitant, incola, ae, m. 
inherit, receive, accipio, ere, 

cepi, ceptus. 
injure, noceo, ere, ui, iturus, 

with the dat., used of per- 
sons ; laedo, ere, laesi, lae- 

sus, used of both persons 

and things, 
injurious, be injurious, noceo, 

ere, ui, iturus. 
injury, injuria, ae, f. 
inquire, quaero, ere, quaesivi, 

itus. 
institution, institutum, l, n. 
interval, intervallum, I, n. 
into, in, prep, with ace. 
island, insula, ae, f. 
Italy, Italia, ae, f. 
its, ejus ; suus, a, um. 



182 



Latin Composition. 



javelin, jaculum, i, n. 
journey, iter, itineris, n. 
judge, judico, 1. 
judgment, opinion, sententia, 

ae, f. 
Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar, 

Juli Caesaris, rn. 
jump down, desilio, ire, ui. 
just, Justus, a, um. 
justice, justitia, ae, f. 
justly, jure. 

K. 

Kalends, Kalendae, arum, f. 
keep, keep in, confine, teneo, 
ere, ui. 
keep apart, distineo, ere, ui, 

tentus. 
keep away, ward off, arceo, 

ere, ui. 
keep from, keep away from 
(tr.), prohibeo, ere, ui, 
itus. 
kill, occido, ere, cidi, cisus. 
kind, genus, eris, n. ; modus, 

I, m. 
kindness, beneficium, I, n. 
king, rex, regis, m. 
knight, eques, itis, m. 
know, understand, scio, ire, ivi, 
itus. 
know, be familiar with, per- 
fect tenses of nosco, ere, 
novi, notus. 
not know, nescio, ire, ii. 
knowledge, scientia, ae, f. 



Labienus, Labienus, I, m. 
labor, labor, oris, m. 
lack (noun), inopia, ae, f. 
lack (verb), careo, ere, ui, itu- 

rus. 
land, ager, agri, m. 
land, as opposed to the water, 
terra, ae, f. 
language, lingua, ae, f. 
large, magnus, a, um. 

in large part, magaam par- 
tem ; bonam partem. 
so large, tantus, a, um. 
last, final, ultimus, a, um. 
last, previous, proximus, a, 
um. 
last, continue, duro, 1. 
later, post, postea. 
latter, the latter of two already 
mentioned, hie, haec, hoc. 
law, the law, jus, juris, n. 

law, statute, lex, legis, f. 
law-court, basilica, ae, f. 
lay aside, depono, ere, posui, 

itus. 
lay waste, vasto, 1. 
lead, duc5, ere, duxi, ductus, 
lead across, tradiico, ere, 

duxi, ductus. 
lead back, reduco, ere, duxi, 

ductus. 
lead, lead out, lead away, 
dediico, ere, duxi, ductus, 
leader, dux, ducis, c. 
learn (by study), disco, ere> 
didici. 



General Vocabulary. 



183 



learn, find out, comperio, 

ire, peri, pertus. 
leave, relinquo, ere, liqui, lic- 

tus. 
left, sinister, tra, trum. 
legion, legio, onis, f. 
legionary, legionarius, a, um. 
lend (help), fero, ferre, tuli, 

latus. 
less, minus.. 

lessen, minuo, ere, ui, iitus. 
lest, ne. 
letter, litterae, arum, f. ; or 

epistula, ae, f. 
liberal, generous, largus, a, um. 
liberty, libertas, atis, f. 
lieutenant, legatus, I, m. 
life, vita, ae, f. 
light, levis, e. 

light, fair, albus, a, um. 
light-armed, expeditus, a, um. 
like, similis, e. 
likewise, expressed by idem, in 

agreement with subject, 
line of battle, acies, ei, f . 
linger, moror, 1. 
Liscus, Liscus, i, m. 
list, tabula, ae, f. 
listen, listen to, audio, ire, ivi, 

itus, with ace. 
little, a little, paulum. 

very little, paullulum, with 

gen. 
little while before or ago, 

paulo ante. 
live, vivo, ere, vixi, victum. 

live, dwell, habito, 1. 
lofty, altus, a, um ; sublimis, e. 



long, longus, a, um. 

long, long time, diu, adv. ; 

already for a long time, 

jam diu. 
longing, desiderium, i, n. 
look down, despicio, ere, spexi, 

spectus. 
looks, vultiis, uum, m. pi. 
lose, amitto, ere, misi, missus, 

the general word ; perdo, 

ere, perdidi, itus, where the 

responsibility of the subj. 

is implied, 
loss, damnum, i, n. 
lot, sors, sortis, f. 
love, amor, oris, m. 
love, amo, 1. 

low (of position), humilis, e. 
loyal, fidelis, e. 
luckless, infelix, icis. 

M. 

magistrate, magistratus, us, m. 

mainland, continens, entis, f. 

make, facio, ere, feci, factus. 
make answer, responded, ere, 

spondi, sponsus. 
make ready, paro, 1. 
make (somebody or some- 
thing safe, bold, clear, 
etc.), reddo, ere, reddidi, 
redditus. 

man, homo, inis, m., the gen- 
eral term ; man as opposed 
to woman, or as a compli- 
mentary designation, vir, 
viri, m. 

maniple, manipulus, i, m. 



184 



Latin Composition. 



many, multi, ae, a. 

march (noun), iter, itineris, n. 

march (verb), iter facio, ere, 
feci, factus. 

(March), of March, Martius, a, 
urn. 

march out, egredior, i, gressus 
sum. 

Marcus, Marcus, i, m. ; abbre- 
viated M. 

maritime, maritimus, a, um. 

Mars, Mars, tis, m. 

matter, thing, res, rei, f. 

(May), of May, Majus, a, um. 

may, licet, ere, licuit, with the 
subjunctive. 

mean, volo, velle, volui, with 
dat. of the reflexive. 

means, resources, facultates, 
um, f. 

meanwhile, interea. 

measure out, metior, in, men- 
sus. 

meet (trans, or intrans.), con- 
venio, ire, veni, ventus. 

memory, memoria, ae, f. 

mention, commemoro, 1. 

merchant, mercator, oris, m. 

mercy, dementia, ae, f. 

merit, virtus, utis, f. 

messenger, nuntius, i, m. 

middle, middle of, medius, a, 
um. 

midst, midst of, medius, a, um. 

mild, lenis, e. 

mile, mille passus, lit. thou- 
sand paces ; pi. milia pas- 
suum. 



military matters, res militaris, 
rei militaris, f. 

mindful, memor, oris. 

misfortune, calamitas, atis, f. 

mistake, make a mistake, 
pecco, 1. 

mode, modus, i, m. 

money, pecunia, ae, f. 

month, mensis, is, m. 

more, amplius, magis, adv. 
more, plus, pluris, n., sub- 
stantive. 

most, plerique, aeque, aque. 
for the most part, maximam 
partem. 

mother, mater, matris, f. 

mountain, mons, montis, m. 

move, moveo, ere, movi, motus. 

much, multus, a, um ; adverbi- 
ally, multum. 

multitude, multitudd, inis, f. 

my, meus, a, um. 

N. 

name, nomen, inis, n. 
Narbo, Narbo, onis, m. 
narrow, angustus, a, um. 
nation, gens, gentis, f. ; natio, 

onis, f. 
naval, navalis, e. 
near, neighboring, finitimus, 

a, um. 
near, with town names, ad, 

prep, with ace. ; with other 

words, prope, prep, with 

ace. 
nearer, propius, adv. and prep. 

with ace. 



General Vocabulary. 



185 



nearest, proximus, a, um. 

nearly, prope. 

necessary, necessarius, a, um. 
it is necessary, necesse est. 

need, there is need, opus est. 
need, feel need, be in need, 
eged, ere, ui; indigeo, ere, 
ui. 

neglect, neglego, ere, lexi, lec- 
tus. 

neighborhood, in, or to the 
neighborhood of, ad, prep, 
with ace. 

neighboring, finitimus, a, um. 

neither . . . nor, neque . . . 
neque ; nee . . . nee. 

Nervii, Nervii, orum, m. 

never, numquam. 

nevertheless, tamen. 

new, novus, a, um. 

news, as gen. of the whole, 
novi. 

next, proximus, a, um. 

night, nox, noctis, f. 

no, nullus, a, um. 

no, with adjectives used sub- 
stantively, nemo (defec- 
tive), 
no one, nemo (defective). 

noble, nobilis, e. 

noise, strepitus, us, m. 

Nones, Nonae, arum, f. 

nor, neque or nee. 

not, non, ne. 
if . . . not, nisi, 
(not), is not? does not ? etc., 

nonne. 
not even, ne . . . quidem, 



with the emphatic word 
between, 
not know, nescio, ire, ivi, or 

ii. 
not only . . . but also, non 

solum . . . sed etiam. 
not that, non quo. 
not yet, nondum. 
nothing, nihil, 
now, already, jam. 
now, at the present time, nunc, 
number, numerus, i, m. 
numbers, multitudo, inis, f. 
(numbers), in great numbers, 
frequens, entis. 

O, 

0, 0, interjection. 

oath, jus jurandum, juris jii- 

randi, n. 
obey, pareo, ere, ui, iturus. 
obstinacy, pertinacia, ae, f. 
occupy, occupo, 1. 
Octodurus, Octodurus, I, m. 
of, from, a, ab, prep, with abl. 
of, concerning, de, prep, with 

abl. 
of (partitive), e, ex. 
offer, do, dare, dedi, datus. 
offer battle, proelio lacesso, 
ere, lacessivi, lacessitus ; 
lit. worry by battle. 
often, saepe. 
old, vetus, eris. 

old man, senex, senis, m. 
on, in, prep, with abl. 

on, concerning, de, prep, with 
abl. 



186 



Latin Composition. 



on all sides, from all sides, 
undique. 
once, once upon a time, quon- 
dam ; olim. 
once, one time, semel. 
at once, statim. 
one, iinus, a, um. 

one . . . another, alius . . . 

alius, 
the one . . . the other, alter 
. . . alter, 
only, tantum. 

only one, iinus, a, um. 
onset, impetus, us, m. 
opinion, deliberate judgment, 

sententia, ae, f. 
opportunity, facultas, atis, f. ; 

occasio, onis, f. 
oppression, obsidio, onis, f. 
or, aut ; vel. 

or, in second member of a 

double question, an or -ne. 

or not, in questions, annon, 

necne. 

ordain, decerno, ere, crevi, 

cretus. 
order (verb), jubeo, ere, jussi, 

jussus. 
order (noun), mandatum, I, n. 

order, at the order, jussu. 
Orgetorix, Orgetorix, rigis, m. 
other, another, alius, a, ud. 
other, the other, alter, a, um. 
others, all the others, ceteri, 

ae, a. 
other side of, ultra, prep, 
with ace. 
our, our own, noster, tra, trum. 



outside, extra, prep, with ace. 
overthrow, everto, ere, verti, 

versus, 
owe, debeo, ere, ui, itus. 

P. 

pain, dolor, oris, m. 

panic, pavor, oris, m. 

part, pars, partis, f. 

party, partes, ium, f. 

pass, passes, angustiae, arum, f. 

pass, spend, dego, ere, degi. 
pass over, omitto, ere, misi, 

missus. 
pass the winter, hie mo, 1. 
pass through, transeo, Ire, ii, 
iturus. 

passage, iter, itineris, n. 

past, by, praeter, prep, with 
ace. 

pay (noun), stipendium, 1, n. 

pay (verb), pendo, ere, pependi, 
pensus ; solvo, ere, solvi, 
solutus. 

peace, pax, pads, f. 

people, popuius, I, m. 

perceive, sentio, ire, sensi, sen- 
sus. 

perform, f ungor, I, functus sum. 

period of life, aetas, atis, f. 

permission, sanction, voluntas, 
atis, f. 

permit, permitto, ere, misi, mis- 
sus ; sino, ere, sivi, situs ; 
be permitted, it is per- 
mitted, licet, ere, uit. 

persuade, persuadeo, ere, suasi, 
suasum. 



General Vocabulary. 



187 



Piso, Piso, onis, m. 

pitch, pono, ere, posui, itus. 

pity, it excites pity, miseret, 
miserere, miseruit, imper- 
sonal ; also misereor, eri, 
itus. 

place, locus, 1, m. 

place, colloco, 1. 

place in charge, place in com- 
mand over, place over, 
praeficio, ere, feci, fectus, 
with the dat. of indirect 
obj. 

plain, planities, ei, f. 

plan, consilium, I, n. 

pleasure, voluptas, atis, f. 

plough, aro, 1. 

Pompey, Pompejus, I, m. 

poor, pauper, eris. 

possess, possideo, ere, sedi, ses- 
sus. 

post, place, locus, I, m. 

power, potestas, atis, f. ; poten- 
tia, ae, f. 

powerful, potens, entis, m. 

praise (noun), laus, laudis, f. 

praise (verb), laudo, 1. 

praiseworthy, laudabilis, e. 

prepare, prepare for, paro, 1, 
with ace. 

present, praesens, entis. 

present, be present, adsum, 
esse, fui, futurus. 

present, dono, 1. 

prevent, prohibeo, ere, ui, itus. 

previously, before, ante, adv. 

prisoner, captive, captivus, I, 



privilege, commodum, I, n. 
prize (verb), magni aestimo, 1. 
prize (noun), praemium, i, n. 
proceed, pergo, ere, perrexi, 

rectum. 
Procillus, Procillus, l, m. 
production, opus, eris, n. 
project, consilium, l, n. 
promise (verb), promitto, ere, 

misi, missus ; polliceor, 

eri, itus. 
promise (noun), pollicitatio, 

onis, f. 
protect, tueor, eri. 
provide, provide for, euro, 1. 
provided, provided that, dum ; 

provided only, dum modo. 
province, provincia, ae, f. 
provincials, socii, orum, m. 
punishment, supplicium, l, n. 
pupil, discipulus, I, m. 
pursue, sequor, I, secutus. 
pursuit, studium, I, n. 
put, place, pono, ere, posui, 

positus. 
put in charge, praeficio, ere, 

feci, fectus ; governs ace. 

and dat. 
put to confusion, perturbo, 1. 
put to flight, fugo, 1. 

Q- 

quaestor, quaestor, oris, m. 
quickly, celeriter. 



raise (a mound, e£c), exstruo, 
ere, struxi, structus. 



188 



Latin Composition, 



rashness, temeritas, atis, f. 

ravage, populor, 1. 

read, lego, ere, legl, lectus. 

read (aloud), recito, 1. 
ready, promptus, a, um. 
rear, novissimum agmen (ag- 

minis), n. 
reason, causa, ae, f. 
receive, accipio, ere, cepi, cep- 

tus. 
recent, recens, entis. 
recollection, memoria, ae, f. 
recount, enumero, 1. 
redoubt, castellum, I, n. 
reduce, redigo, ere, egi, actus. 
refrain, abstineo, ere, ui, ten- 
turn. 
refuse, denegd, 1. 
regal power, regnum, I, n. 
regard, habeo, ere, ui, itus ; 

existimo, 1. 
regret, it causes regret, paeni- 

tet, ere, uit, impersonal, 
reject, respuo, ere, ui. 
rejoice, gaudeo, ere, gavisus. 
relieve, free from, libero, 1. 
relinquish, relinquo, ere, liqui, 

lictus. 
relying, fretus, a, um. 
remain, maneo, ere, mansi, 

mansurus. 
remain in charge, praesum, 

esse, fiii. 
remain vacant, vaco, 1. 
remaining, remainder of, reli- 

quus, a, um. 
remember, bear in mind, me- 

mini, isse ; reminiscor, I, 



supplies the present parti- 
ciple of memini. 
remind, admoneo, ere, ui, itus. 
renew, renovo, 1. 
repent, it repents, paenitet, 

ere, uit, impersonal, 
reply, respondeo, ere, respond!, 

responsus. 
report, announce, nuntio, 1. 
report, niintius, I, m. 
republic, res publica, rei publi- 

cae, f. 
reputation, fama, ae, f. 
resist, resisto, ere, restiti, with 

dat. 
resources, opes, um, f. 
rest, the rest, ceteri, ae, a. 
rest on, positus est in, with 

abl. 
restore, replace, restituo, ere, 

ui, utus ; restore, return, 

reddS, ere, reddidi, red- 

ditus. 
retain, retineo, ere, ui, tentus. 
retreat, recipio, ere, cepi, cep- 

tus, with the reflexive, 
return, reditus, us, m. 
return, go back, redeo, ire, ii, 

itum ; revertor, I. 
reward (noun), munus, eris, n. 
reward (verb), remuneror, 1. 
Rhea Silvia, Rhea Silvia, ae, f. 
Rhine, Rhenus, l, m. 
rich, dives, itis. 
right, jus, juris, n. 
right, rectus, a, um. 
river, flumen, inis, n. 
road, via, ae, f. 



General Vocabulary, 



189 



Roman, Romanus, a, um ; as 

noun, Romanus, 1, m. 
Rome, Roma, ae, f. 
Romulus, Romulus, I, m. 
rout, fugo, 1. 
route, iter, itineris, n. 
rower, remex, igis, m. 
rule, imperium, I, n. 

S. 

Sabinus, Sabinus, I, m. 

sacred, sacer, era, crum. 

safe, tutus, a, um ; salvus, a, 
um. . 
safe and sound, sospes, itis. 

safety, saliis, utis, f. 

sake, for the sake, causa (abl.) 
with gen. ; the gen. always 
precedes. 

sally, make a sally, erumpo, 
ere, rupi, ruptus. 

salute, saluto, 1. 

same, idem, eadem, idem. 

save, servo, 1. 

say, dico, ere, dixi, dictus. 

Scipio, Scipio, onis, m. 

scout, explorator, oris, m. 

sea, mare, is, n. 

seamanship, res nauticae, re- 
rum nauticarum, f . 

second, secundus, a, um. 

secure, procure, paro, 1. 

see, video, ere, vidi, visus. 

seek, pet5, ere, ivi (ii), itus. 

seem, videor, eri, visus. 

seize, occupo, 1. 

seldom, raro. 

select, deligo, ere, legi, lectus. 



self, oneself, sui, sibi, se. 
self, i.e. I myself, you your- 
self, etc., ipse in apposition 
with a noun or pronoun. 

sell, vendo, ere, vendidi, vendi- 
tus. 

Senate, senatus, us, m. 

send, mitto, ere, misi, missus, 
send back, remitto, ere, misi, 
missus. 

Senones, Senones, um, m. 

Sequani, Sequani, orum, m. 

Sequanian, Sequanus, a, um. 

sesterce, sestertius, i, m., Ro- 
man coin worth about five 
cents ; gen. plur. sesterti- 
um. 

set on fire, incendo, ere, cendi, 
census. 

set out, proficiscor, i, f ectus sum. 

settle, place, colloco, 1. 

settler, colonus, i, m. 

seven, septem. 

seven hundredth, septingen- 
tesimus, a, um. 

share, pars, partis, f. 

shelter, tectum, i, n. 

shield, scutum, i, n. 

ship, navis, is, f . 

shore, litus, oris, n. 

short, brevis, e. 

show (oneself), praesto, are, 
praestiti, praestitus. 

shower, imber, imbris, m. 

shudder, shudder at, horreo, 
ere, ui. 

siege, obsidio, onis, f. 

sight, conspectus, us, in. 



190 



Latin Composition. 



silent, be silent, become silent, 

taceo, ere, ui, itus. 
similar, similis, e. 
since (causal), cum. 
situated, is situated, situs est 

(sino, ere, sivi, situs), 
six, sex. 

six hundred, sexcenti, ae, a. 
sixteen, sedecim. 
sixty, sexaginta. 
size, magnitudo, inis, f. 
slay, occido, ere, cidi, cisus. 
slinger, funditor, oris, m. 
small, parvus, a, urn. 

of small account, parvi. 
snatch, snatch away, er'pio, ere, 

ripui, reptus. 
so (of degree), tarn, adeo. 
so, thus (of manner), sic, 

ita. 
so great, tantus, a, um. 
so many, tot, indeclinable, 
so much, so greatly, tanto- 
pere. 
soldier, miles, itis, m. 
soldurii, soldurii, orum, m. 
some, something, aliquis, ali- 
qua, aliquid or aliquod. 
some one, aliquis. 
some . . . others, alii . . . alii, 
some (persons) , nonnulli, orum. 
somehow or other, nescio quo 

pacto. 
son, filius, i, m. 
soon, quickly, mox ; cito. 

sooner, citius. 
sorrow, maeror, oris, m. 
space, spatium, i, n. 



spare, parco, ere, peperci, par- 

sums, 
speak, loquor, i, lociitus. 
speech, oratio, onis, f . 
speed, celeritas, atis, f. 
spend, dego, ere, degi. 
spot, place, locus, i, in. 
spring, ver, veris, n. 
state, civitas, atis, f. 
station, colloco, 1. 
statue, statua, ae, f. 
steadfastness, constantia, ae, f. 
steep, arduus, a, um. 
still (temporal), adhuc. 
stone, lapis, idis, m. 
storm, tempestas, atis, f. 
(story), the story goes, tradi- 

tur, tradi, traditum est, lit. 

it is handed down. 
stream, flumen, inis, n. 
strength, vires, ium, f. ; pi. of 

vis. 
strict, severus, a, um. 
strip, nudo, 1 ; exuo, ere, ui, 

utus. 
strong, validus, a, um. 
such, talis, e. 
sudden, subitus, a, um. 
suddenly, subito. 
sue for, peto, ere, ivi or ii, itus. 
Suebi, Suebi, orum, m. 
suffer, patior, i, passus sum. 

suffer from, laboro, 1. 
sufficient, satis, 
suitable, idoneus, a, um. 
summer, aestas, atis, f. 
summit of, summus, a, um, 

limiting a substantive. 



Greneral Vocabulary. 



191 



summon, voco, 1 ; arcesso, ere, 

ivi, Itus. 
supplies, commeatus, us, m. 
surpass, supero, 1. 
surrender, trado, ere, tradidi, 

traditus. 
surround, circumvenio, ire, 

veni, ventus ; circumdo, 

dare, dedi, datus. 
suspicion, suspicio, onis, f. 
sword, gladius, l, m. 



take, capio, ere, cepi, captus. 
take away, take from, adimo. 

ere, emi. emptus. 
take possession, possido, ere, 
sedi, sessus. 

talent, talentum, I, n. 

teach, doceo, ere, ui, doctus. 
taught, edoctus. 

teacher, praeceptor, oris, m. ; 
praeceptrix, icis, f. 

tear down, rescindo, ere, scidi, 
scissus ; diruo, ere, rui, 
rutus. 

tell, say, dico, ere, dixi, dictus. 

temper, animus, l, m. 

temple, aedes, is, f. ; templum, 
l, n. When used with pre- 
cision aedes refers to the 
building only, while tem- 
plum includes the conse- 
crated area as well. 

ten. decern. 

tenth, decimus, a, urn. 

terms, conditions, condiciones, 
um, f. 



terrify, terreo, ere, ui, territus. 
territory, fines, ium, m. 
than, quam. conj. 
thanks, gratiae, arum, f. 
that, ille, ilia, illud ; is, ea, id ; 
that of yours, iste, ista, 
istud. 
that (rel. pron.), qui, quae, 

quod, 
that, in order that, ut ; qui, 
quae, quod with the sub- 
junctive ; with compara- 
tives, quo. 
that, lest, with verbs of fear- 
ing, ne. 
that not, in order that not, 

ne. 
that not, with verbs of fear- 
ing, ut. 
that (of result), ut ; that not, 

ut non. 
that, the fact that, quod, conj. 
that, on the ground that, 

quod, 
that, after verbs of doubting, 
etc., quin, lit. xohy not ? 
the . . . the (with compara- 
tives), quo . . . eo. 
theft, furtum, i, n. 
their, their own. suus. a, um. 
then, afterwards, deinde. 
then, accordingly, igitur. 
then, at that time, turn. 
there, ibi. 

therefore, itaque ; or igitur fol- 
lowing one or more words 
of the sentence, 
thick, crassus, a, um. 



192 



Latin Composition, 



thing, res, rei, f. 

thing, a thing which, id 
quod, or simply quod. 

think, puto, 1 ; arbitror, 1. 
think, regard, existimo, 1. 

third, tertius, a, um. 
third, third part, tertia pars. 

thirty, triginta. 

this, hie, haec, hoc. 

thither, eo. 

those (as antecedent of rela- 
tive), ei, eae, ea. 

thou, tu, tui. 

though, quamquam, quamvis, 
etsi, cum. 

thousand, mille, pi. milia, ium, 
n. 

threaten, minor, 1. 

threats, minae, arum, f. 

three, tres, tria. 
three days, triduum, i, n. 
three years, triennium, i, n. 

through, through the instru- 
mentality of, per, prep, 
with ace. 

thus, ita ; sic. 

thwart, transtrum, i, n. 

till, dum, donee, quoad, conj. 

till, up to, ad, prep, with ace. 

time, tempus, oris, n. 

to, ad, prep, with ace. 

to which, whither, quo, adv. 

toil, labor, oris, m. 

(too), and that too, et is, ea, 
id. 

top of, summus, a, um. 

touch, moveo, ere, movi, motus. 

Toulouse, Tolosa, ae, f. 



towards (of feeling), in, erga, 
with ace. ; of motion, ad, 
with ace. 
town, oppidum, i, n. 
townspeople, oppidani, 5rum, 

m. 
trader, mercator, oris, m. 
train, exerceo, ere, ui, itus. 
traitor, proditor, oris, m. 
transport, transporto, 1. 
treacherous, perfidus, a, um. 
treachery, perfidia, ae, f. 
treason, proditio, onis, f. 
treat, behave towards, iitor, i, 
iisus. 

treat of, ago, ere, egi, actus. 
trench, fossa, ae, f. 
Treveri, Treveri, drum, m. 
tribe, gens, gentis, f. 
tribune, tribunus, i, m. 
tribute, stipendium, i, n. 
troops, copiae, arum, f. 
trust, confido, ere, fisus, semi- 

dep. 
twelfth, duodecimus, a, um. 
twelve, duodecim. 
twenty, viginti. 
twice, bis. 
two, duo, duae, duo. 

two days, biduum, i, n. 

two hundred, ducenti, ae, a. 

two years, biennium, i, n. 

U. 

Ubii, Ubii, orum, m. 
undergo, sube5, ire, ii, iturus. 
understand, intellego, ere, lexi, 
lectus. 



General Vocabulary. 



193 



undertake, suscipio, ere, cepi, 

ceptus. 
unharmed, incolumis, e. 
uninterruptedly, contincnter. 
unjust, injiistus, a, um. 
unless, nisi. 
unless indeed, nisi vero, nisi 

forte. 
unlike, dissimilis, e. 
unmindful, immemor, oris. 
until, dum, donee, quoad ; as 

prep., ad with ace. 
unwilling, invitus, a, um. 
be unwilling, nolo, nolle, 

nolui. 
unworthy, indignus, a, um. 
uprightly, honeste. 
uprightness, probitas, atis, f. 
uprising, tumultus, us, m. ; 

motus, us, m. 
urge, hortor, 1. 
us, nos, nostrum, nostri, pi. of 

ego. 
use, utor, I, usus. 
usually, fere. 

V. 

valley, vallis, is, f. 
valor, virtus, utis, f. 
Veneti, Veneti, orum, m. 
(vengeance) , take vengeance 

on, ulciscor, I, ultus. 
Veragri, Veragri, orum, m. 
Vercingetorix, Vercingetorix, 

rigis, m. 
vergobretus, vergobretus, 1, m. 
very, valde. 

with substantives, ipse, a, um. 



very, with superlatives, vel. 

very many, complures, ia. 

very much, plurimum. 

Vesontio, Vesontio, onis, m. 

vessel, navis, is, f. 

vice, vitium, I, n. 

vicinity, in the vicinity of, for 

the vicinity of, ad, with 

ace. 
victory, victoria, ae, f. 
village, vicus, I, m. 
virtue, virtus, utis, f. 
visit, adeo, ire, ii, itus. 

W. 

wage, gero, ere, gessi, gestus. 
wait, exspecto, 1. 
wall, murus, l, m. 
war, bellum, l, n. 
ward off, depello, ere, pull, pul- 
sus. 
warlike, bellicosus, a, um. 
(warning), give a warning, ad- 

moneo, ere, ui, itus. 
watch, vigilia, ae, f. 
watchfulness, vigilantia, ae, f. 
water, aqua, ae, f. 
way, manner, modus, I, m. 

way, route, iter, itineris, n. 
weak, debilis, e ; mollis, e. 
wealth, divitiae, arum, f. 
weapons, arma, orum, n. 
welcome, gratus, a, um. 
well-to-do, beatus, a, um. 
what (interrog.), quid, subst. 
whatever, quisquis, quicquid. 
when ? quando. 

when (relative), cum, ut, ubi. 



194 



Latin Composition. 



whenever, ut, cum. 
where ? ubi. 

where (relative), ubi. 
whether, num, -ne. 
whether . . . or, utrum ... an ; 
whether . . . not, nonne. 
which, qui, quae, quod. 
while, dum, donee, eonj. 
who ? quis. 

who, which (rel. pron.), qui, 

quae, quod. 
who (does) not, who (is) not, 
quin. 
whole, totus, a, um. 
why ? cur, quid, quam ob rem. 
why not, after nulla causa 
est, etc., quin. 
wicked, malus, a, um ; scelera- 

tus, a, um. 
wife, uxor, oris, f. 
wild, trux, trucis. 
will, testamentum, i, n. 
willingly, readily, libenter. 
win, earn, mereo, ere, ui, itus. 

win over, concilio, 1. 
winter, hiems, emis, f. 
winter quarters, hiberna, 
Drum, n. 
winter, spend the winter, hie- 

mo, 1. 
wipe out, destroy, deled, ere, 

evi, etus. 
wisdom, sapientia, ae, f. 
wish, volo, velle, volui. 
with, cum, prep, with abl. 
with (not involving partici- 



pation), apud, prep, with 

ace. 
withdraw, decedo, ere, cessi, 

cessurus. 
within, intra, prep, with ace. 
without, sine, prep, with abl. 
be without, careo, ere, ui, itu.- 

rus. 
withstand, sustineo, ere, ui, 

tentus. 
woman, mulier, eris, f. 
wonder, miror, 1. 
wonderful, mirabilis, e. 
wonted, solitus, a, um. 
woods, silva, ae, f. 
word, verbum, i, n. 
work (a work), opus, eris, n. 
worthy, dignus, a, um. 
wounded, saucius, a, um. 
wreck (of vessels), frango, ere, 

fregi, fractus. 
write, scribo, ere, scripsi, scrip- 

tus. 
wrong, injuria, ae, f. 



year, annus, l, in. 

yesterday, heri. 

yet, nevertheless, tamen. 

not yet, nondum. 
yield, cedo, ere, cessi, cessurus. 
you, tii, tui ; vos, vestrum or 

vestri. 
young man, juvenis, is, m. 
your, your own, tuus, a, um ; 

vester, tra, trum. 



LATIN. 15 

Latin Lessons. 

By Professor CHARLES E. BENNETT, of Cornell University. i6mo, 
cloth, 191 pages. Price, 70 cents. 

PROFESSOR BENNETT is a believer in the old-fashioned 
method of beginning Latin, that is, learning the forms first, 
learning them in order, and learning them once and for all. The 
Latin Lessons is a book that sends the beginner directly to the 
grammar for forms and rules, taking them up in their regular 
order. Complete sentences are found in the very first lesson, 
and easy stories are introduced as soon as the pupil has learned 
enough grammar, in the regular order, to read them. Teachers 
who believe in the method of " resolute, systematic, and sustained 
attack on declensions and conjugations " will find Professor Ben- 
nett's new book admirably suited to help them in their work. 

A. L. K. Volkmann, Volhnann School, Boston, Mass.: I like Bennett's 
Latin Lessons very much. You are getting somewhere, and you know 
what you have got, and you get the whole thing, which is the main point. 

The Foundations of Latin. 

A book for Beginners. Revised Edition. By Professor C. E. BENNETT, 
of Cornell University. i2mo, cloth, 250 pages. Price, 90 cents. 

THIS book presents the matter for the beginner in Latin in 
sixty chapters, the first thirty-five devoted almost entirely 
to inflections, the remaining twenty-five to syntax, both subjects 
being treated in the order in which they are usually found in the 
grammar. Such rules of syntax as are needed for reading and 
writing simple sentences are given in the earliest lessons, so that 
the pupil has constant drill on the forms while acquiring them ; 
but the systematic study of general syntax is postponed till the 
pupil shall have mastered the forms. The book serves equally 
well as an introduction to Caesar or Nepos. 

Dr. R. M. Jones, Penn Charter School, Philadelphia, Pa. : We have adopted 
Bennett's Foundations of Latin. It is the best book of its class. 

George D. Bartlett, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N.Y. : I have used a great 
many introductory Latin books, and have found none so satisfactory as 
Bennett's Foundations of Latin. 



16 LATIN. 

Ccesar's Gallic War. 

Books I.-IV. Indicated quantities, Introduction, Notes, Vocabulary, 
Illustrations, and colored Maps and Plans. Edited by Professor 
Charles E. Bennett, of Cornell University. i2mo, cloth, 352 pages. 
Price, $1.00. 

IN his Caesar, Professor Bennett has had constantly in mind the 
point of view and the needs of the elementary pupil. No 
pains, therefore, have been spared to make the Notes simple in 
style, clear in statement, and pertinent and interesting in content. 
Every real difficulty receives consideration and explanation, par- 
ticular care being taken to indicate the course of the thought and 
the connection of ideas. Book II. has been annotated with 
especial fulness for the benefit of those teachers who prefer to 
begin with this book rather than with Book I. 

In matters of grammar and syntax, the editor, while following 
the treatment and nomenclature of his own Latin Grammar, has 
also inserted references to the other Latin grammars in common 
use. An Introduction of thirty-one pages treats of Caesar's life 
and of the Roman art of war as practised in his day. 

Cicero's Orations. 

Indicated quantities, full Introduction, Notes, Vocabulary, Illustrations, 
and two colored Maps. Edited by Professor CHARLES E. BENNETT. 
i2mo, cloth, 374 pages. Price, $i.oo. 

THIS edition includes seven Orations, — the four Catilines, the 
Manilian Law, Archias, and Marcellus. 
The aim of the editor is not merely to help the pupil to a cor- 
rect rendering of the text, sentence by sentence, but also to bring 
out the larger relations of thought which make these speeches 
masterpieces of the art of oratory. With this in mind, the Notes 
are intended to give a full historical outline of the circumstances 
of each oration, to keep the pupil in touch with the logic of the 
argument, and to give an adequate explanation of all points of 
Roman law or custom. 



LA TIN. 17 



Virgil's /Eneid : Books I.-VI. 



Edited by Professor CHARLES E. BENNETT, of Cornell University. 
With Introduction, Notes, Vocabulary, Illustrations, and Map. i2mo, 
cloth. Ready in January, 1905. 

Latin Composition. 

By Professor Charles E. Bennett. i6mo, cloth, 172 pages. Price, 
80 cents. 

THIS book has been prepared with the conviction that the 
primary function of Latin Composition in secondary schools 
is to extend and strengthen the pupil's knowledge of Latin gram- 
mar. Accordingly, the lessons are devoted mainly to exercises 
in applying the principles of the various case and mood construc- 
tions recognized in our Latin Grammars. In order that the 
writing of continuous discourse may not be neglected, passages 
of simple English narrative, involving the principles covered in 
the previous exercises, are frequently introduced. 

Grammatical references are to Bennett, Allen & Greenough, 
and Harkness. . 

The illustrative examples given at the beginning of each lesson 
have been drawn with great care from Latin literature — mainly 
from Cicero's speeches. The English sentences set for transla- 
tion into Latin have also, in most cases, been suggested by pas- 
sages occurring in the works of classical authors. 

The Quantitative Reading of Latin Poetry. 

By Professor CHARLES E. BENNETT. i2tno, paper, 49 pages. Price, 
25 cents. 

BELIEVING that a more thorough study of the oral reading 
of Latin Poetry may prove a source of pleasure and profit, 
not only to the pupils but also to many teachers of the language, 
Professor Bennett has prepared this little monograph emphasizing 
the importance of the knowledge of quantities as well as of rhythm. 



14 LATIN. 

A Latin Grammar. 

By Professor Charles E. Bennett, Cornell University. i2mo, cloth, 
282 pages. Price, 80 cents. 

IN this book the essential facts of Latin Grammar are pre- 
sented within the smallest compass consistent with high 
scholarly standards. It covers not only the work of the pre- 
paratory school, but also that of the required courses in college 
and university. By omitting rare forms and syntactical usages 
found only in ante-classical and post-classical Latin, and by 
relegating to an Appendix theoretical and historical questions, 
it has been found possible to treat the subject with entire ade- 
quacy in the compass of 250 pages exclusive of Indexes. In 
the German schools, books of this scope fully meet the exacting 
demands of the entire gymnasial course, and the host of teachers 
who have tried Bennett's Grammar find tjiat they are materially 
helped by the absence of the mass of useless and irrelevant matter 
which forms the bulk of the older grammars. 

Appendix to Bennett's Latin Grammar. 

For university work. i2mo, cloth, 246 pages. Price, 80 cents. 

THE purpose of this book is to give such information regard- 
ing the history and development of the Latin language as 
experience has shown to be of service to advanced students. 

The subjects treated are the Latin Alphabet, Pronunciation, 
Hidden Quantity, Accent, Orthography, The Latin Sounds, 
Inflections, Adverbs and Prepositions, and Syntax. Of these 
subjects, those of Hidden Quantity, Inflections, and Syntax re- 
ceive special attention ; and the results of recent investigation 
are set forth fully and clearly, but in compact form. 

Complete Edition. 

Latin Grammar and Appendix in one volume. Price, $1.25. 



F£B 18 13C5 



